20: Urinalysis (Lab)

Clear to pale yellow

What is the color of normal urine?

Due to urochrome pigment being more concentrated

Why would the color of urine be pale yellow/amber?

Slightly aromatic (pleasant)

What is the smell of fresh normal urine?

Ammonia (Due to bacteria)

What does urine smell like when it's allowed to fester? Why?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Why may urine smell fruity or like acetone?

Diet

What might also affect the smell of urine

4.5-8.0

What is the normal pH range for urine?

6.0

What is the average normal pH for urine

Decrease urine pH

What may a high protein diet do to urine pH?

Increase urine pH

What might a vegetarian diet do to urine pH?

Increase urine pH

What might a bacterial infection do to urine pH?

1.001-1.030

What is the specific gravity range of urine?

Kidney stones (renal calculi)

What may concentrated urine lead to?

glycosuria/glucosuria

Glucose in urine

Diabetes

What is a cause of glycosuria?

albuminuria

Albumin in urine

Heart failure

What is a cause of albuminuria

ketonuria

ketone bodies in urine

Lipid metabolism

What is a cause of ketonuria

Hematuria

Red blood cells in urine

Kidney trauma

What is a cause of hematuria

Hemoglobinuria

Hemoglobin in urine

Malaria

What is a cause of hemoglobinuria?

Nitrites in urine

nitrites in urine (That's the name, exactly as said)

Urinary tract infection

What is a cause of nitrites in urine?

Bilirubinuria

Bile pigments in urine

Hepatitis

What is a cause of bilirubinuria

Pyuria

White blood cells in urine

Urinary Tract Infection

What is a cause of Pyuria

Hyaline casts

What is being shown histologically?

Dehydration

What is a cause of hyaline casts?

Red blood cell casts

What is being shown histologically?

Trauma to glomerulus

What is a cause of red blood cell casts?

White blood cell casts

What is being shown histologically?

Kidney infection

What is a cause of white blood cell casts?

Granular casts

What is being shown histologically?

Infections occurring around the body

What is a cause of granular casts?

Struvite crystal

What is being shown histologically?

Urinary tract infection

What is a cause of struvite crystals?

Uric acid crystal

What is being shown histologically?

High protein diet

What is a cause of uric acid crystals?

Calcium oxalate crystal

What is being shown histologically?

Eating chocolate

What is a cause of calcium oxalate crystals?

Tyrosine crystals

What is being shown histologically?

Liver disease

What is a cause of tyrosine crystals?

Exposure to air which causes bacteria growth

What can cause an ammonia-like odor in urine?

Fruity/acetone

What does urine smell like if a diabetic is suffering from ketoacidosis?

Ammonia

Where does urea come from?

Nucleic acid metabolism

Where does uric acid come from?

Creatine phosphate

Where does creatinine come from?