BIOL207 reproduction and development

similarities in male and female systems

based on homologous structures (shared genes), organs and ducts

differences in male and female systems

effects of sex hormones on range of anatomical features, sexual selection, different functions in fertilization and pregnancy

what do gonads produce

gametes (ovum or sperm)

what are gametes genetically

haploid cells

what are sex hormones responsible for

regulate sexual development, gamete production, sexual libido, pregnancy

ovary homologous to

testis

clitoris homologous to

glans of penis

labia majora homologous to

scrotum

labia minora homologous to

body of penis

greater vestibular gland homologous to

bulbourethral gland

luteinizing hormone

from anterior pituitary, ovulation and production of testosterone

follicle stimulating hormone

from anterior pituitary, production of gametes

how many sperm produced per day

100 million

when are eggs first produced

fetal stage

what is sex about

genetic diversity

meiosis

makes haploid cells

what ensures genetic diversity

separation of chromosomes, crossing over in meiosis I, fertilization

fertilization

egg + sperm

exception to fertilization diversity

identical twins

cytokinesis leads to

1 large oocyte or 4 small sperm

reduction division

production of haploid cells

interphase

DNA replication and prep for meiosis

when does interphase not occur

meiosis II

meiosis I

reduction division, crossing over, results in haploid cells

meiosis II

separation of sister chromatids, reduces amount of DNA

what is a karyotype

picture of DNA

nondisjunction

improper division, trisomy 21, associated with age of mother

female primary structure

ovaries

functions of female structures

sexual characteristics, production of gametes, maintenance of pregnancy, birth, breast feeding

primordial follicles

at birth

primary follicles

influence hormone production, produce androgens

secondary follicles

maturing

corpus luteum

remnant of follicle after ovulation

oogonium

diploid

oocytes

haploid

when does egg go thru last meiotic division

fertilization

follicular phase

1-13 days, FSH and LH, inhibin

ovulation

day 14, peak in LH

luteal phase

15-28 days, corpus luteum release progesterone and estrogen

function of female secondary structures

transport and implantation of ovum, pregnancy

menstrual phase

days 1-5

proliferative phase

days 6-14, development of functional layer, overlaps follicular growth and estrogen secretion

secretory phase

days 15-28, increase in vascularization and glands in uterus

estrogen

from ovarian follicles/corpus luteum/placenta, initiates and maintain growth of endometrium

progesterone

from corpus luteum or placenta, responsible for functional layer growth, causes increase in blood vessels/uterine gland size/nutrient production

inhibin

from ovarian follicles, inhibits FSH secretion

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

from hypothalamus, stimulate anterior pituitary

prolactin

milk production from anterior pituitary

oxytocin

milk release from the hypothalamus

female sexual response

SNS/PNS involvement, changes in placement, excitement phase, orgasm, resolution phase

primary male organ

testes

secondary male organs

tubes and glands

why is scrotum outside of body

cooler temp needed for sperm maturation

spermatic cord

contains vessels, nerves, and vas deferens

epididymis

tube from teste, store and mature sperm, old sperm reabsorbed

seminiferous tubules

site of spermatogenesis

sustenacular cells

supply nutrients to sperm

germ cells

make sperm

androgen production

testosterone

male hormonal feedback

negative feedback loop

spermatogenesis

meiosis

spermiogenesis

maturation process

where do sperm become fully motile

epididymis

when does sperm development start

puberty

who has unequal cytokinesis

females

when does egg production stop

menopause

when does sperm production stop

never

rete testis

receive sperm and transport

ductus deferens/vas deferens

smooth muscle

ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicle

seminal fluid

counteract environment of vagina, nutrition, swimming medium

prostaglandins

dilate the cervix

citric acid

nutrient

seminalpalsmin

antibiotic

prostate-specific antigen

enzyme to liquify semen

what is found in the prostate

mucin, citric acid, seminalpalsmin, prostate-specific antigen

what is the bulbourethral gland made of

tubuloalveolar glands, secrete mucin to lubricate urethra

semen

sperm and seminal fluid

ejaculate

3-5 mL, 200-500 million mature sperm

male sexual response

excitement phase, orgasm, resolution

what determines genetic sex

genotype

what does a Y chromosome indicate

a male

when is phenotypic sex determines

7th week of development

SRY gene

instructions for producing Y chromosome

when do genitalia appear

week 12

when is there a clear differentiation between males and females

week 20

menopause

45-55, reduction in estrogen and progesterone, menses stop

male climacteric

50s, decrease in testosterone

prenatal period

280 days/40 weeks

pre-embryonic period

first 2 weeks, end with blastocyst implantation; fertilization and development of the morula, implantation, membrane development

embryonic period

week 3-8, major organs and systems develop

fetal period

week 9-39, growth and neural connections

what occurs in pre-embryonic period

cleavage

what occurs during embryonic period

gastrulation and organogenesis

phases of fertilization

corona radiata penetration, zona pellucida penetration, fusion of nuclei

what can occur in fertilization that is fatal

polyspermy

formation of a zygote

restoration of diploid number

sperm capacitation

removal of glycoprotein coat covering acrosome (head of sperm)

acrosome reaction

release of digestive enzymes for entry, zona and oocyte change to prevent other sperm from entering

morula development

increase in # of cells, reduction in size