Unit 3 Master Knowt

Which of the following are functions of the respiratory system?

house receptors for sense of smell

movement of air into and out of the body for gas exchange

regulation of blood pH

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

Put the following structures in the order through which air would pass during EXPIRATION/EXHALATION

Alveoli,Alveolar ducts,Bronchioles,Segmental (tertiary) bronchi,Lobar(secondary)bronchi,Main(primary),bronchi,Trachea,Larynx,Laryngopharynx,Oropharynx,Nasopharynx,Nasal cavity and nose

Type I alveolar cells:

are simple squamous epithelial cells that facilitate gas exchange.

Which of the following values is usually the highest? (Lung Graph)

TLC

Trachea is ____

Its mucosa is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; branches to produce main/primary bronchi at its inferior end

Nasal Cavity ____

Air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it passes through this structure; consists mainly of conchae and meatuses

The Larynx…..

Contains vestibular folds and vocal folds

The trachea is _____ to the esophagus, _____

to the larynx, and ______ to the main (primary) bronchi.

Anterior, Inferior, Superior

Which gas has the HIGHEST partial pressure?

nitrogen (N2) (it has the highest inspired air %)

The left lung:

has an indentation in its medial surface called the cardiac impression.

In blood, approximately 98% of oxygen (O2) is transported by

[ Select ]

. Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported by

[ Select ]

binding to hemoglobin in erythrocytes ; being converted to bicarbonate ions and then dissolving in blood plasma

The structure highlighted red and labeled "A" is called the ___. It is one of the _____, spaces within the skull that warm and humidify inhaled air and provide resonance to the voice.

Frontal Sinus, Paranasal Sinus

Which of the following is NOT a part of the upper respiratory tract (URT)?

Trachea

Which of the following would have the least hyaline cartilage and the most smooth muscle in its walls?

Bronchiole

During expiration/exhalation, the respiratory muscles _____ and the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs ______This change in volume causes the pressure in the lungs to ___ and air moves _____ to equalize the pressure.

Relax, Decreases, Increase, Out of the lungs

Which of the following statements about mucus membranes is INCORRECT?

Simple squamous epithelium lines the trachea and larger airways of the respiratory system.

Atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at higher elevations (e.g., 10,000 feet above sea level) are __________ compared to the same pressures at sea level.

Lower

During bronchodilation, smooth muscle in the bronchioles ____

, causing the size (diameter) of bronchioles to ____

and air flow to ____

Relaxes, increase, increase

Which of the following terms best explains why continuous chest compressions and NOT rescue breathing is emphasized in hands-only CPR?

Oxygen reserve

Respiratory gases (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure.

True

Intrapulmonary pressure is always higher than intrapleural pressure.

True

The muscles responsible for quiet breathing are the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles.

False

The rate and depth of breathing may be altered to maintain homeostasis.

True

The structure that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the ____

Ureter

During urine formation, which of the following substances pass from blood into the glomerular filtrate?

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Glucose, Amino acids, ions, water

The muscular coat or muscularis of the urinary bladder is called the __________ muscle.

detrusor

The nitrogenous waste product that is a small, water-soluble molecule produced from protein breakdown in the liver is:

Urea

The average urine output per day for an adult is approximately _____ . The normal pH range of urine is ___

1-2L, 4.5-8.0

Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Regulation of acid-base balance

Elimination of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, uric acid, creatinine)

Blood pressure regulation

Erythropoietin (EPO) production and release

Which of the following statements about urine is/are CORRECT? 

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Diuretics like caffeine and alcohol increase urine output.

Urine contains three nitrogenous wastes; creatinine, urea, and uric acid.

Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) from tubular fluid AND increases the secretion of potassium (K+) into tubular fluid?

aldosterone

Put the blood vessels of the kidney in the order in which blood would flow through them, beginning with the descending abdominal aorta (1) and ending with the inferior vena cava (15).

Descending abdominal aorta-Renal artery-Segmental artery-Interlobar artery-Arcuate artery-Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery-Afferent arteriole-Glomerulus-Efferent arteriole-Peritubular capillaries-Interlobular (cortical radiate) vein-Arcuate vein-Interlobar vein-Renal vein-Inferior vena cava

The juxtaglomerular apparatus or JGA

regulates filtrate formation and blood pressure within the nephron.

The maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed across the renal tubule epithelium in a given period of time is called the:

transport maximum.

REGION OF KIDNEY: Collecting ducts run through this region, giving it a striped appearanceor calyces

Renal Medulla

REGION OF KIDNEY: Interlobular arteries and veins are located here

Renal Cortex

REGION OF KIDNEY: Made up of renal pyramids

Renal Medulla

REGION OF KIDNEY: Most parts of most nephrons are located here

Renal Cortex

REGION OF KIDNEY: "Salty" kidney region established by countercurrent multiplier

Renal Medulla

REGION OF KIDNEY: Subdivisions of this region include major calyces and minor calyces

Renal sinus

The renal corpuscle is composed of the:

glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

All the following structures connect to the kidney at the renal hilum EXCEPT:

urethra

PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION- Which process involves the movement of substances from the tubular fluid into blood?

tubular reabsorption

PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION-Which process is adjusted by changing the diameter of afferent and/or efferent arterioles?

Glomerular Filtration

PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION-Which process occurs in the glomerulus and glomerular capsule?

Glomerular Filtration

PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION-In the equation X – Y + Z = pee, which process is represented by the letter Z?

Tubular Secretion

PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION- Which process involves adding substances from blood into tubular fluid/urine in order to eliminate them?

Tubular Secretion

Glomeruli differ from other capillaries in the body in that they:

are drained by efferent arterioles.

Intrinsic controls (renal autoregulation) are responsible for changing glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

False

Women get more urinary tract infections (UTIs) than men because the female urethra is used for both urination and reproduction.

False

Which cation (positively charged ion) is most abundant in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Potassium (K+)

Which cation (positively charged ion) is most abundant in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Sodium (Na+)

Which two organ systems are considered physiologic buffering systems because they help to stabilize blood pH?  CHOOSE TWO ANSWERS.

Respiratory System, Urinary System

Electrolytes:

play significant roles in regulating fluid balance

An acid-base imbalance in which pH drops below 7.0 OR increases above 7.7 will result in:

Death after a few hours

Chemical buffers or chemical buffering systems:

aren't very powerful but act quickly to minimize changes to pH.

About 200 mL of water is produced by the body per day as a result of aerobic cellular respiration; this is called:

metabolic water.

Fluid intake is primarily regulated by the thirst mechanism while fluid output is regulated mainly by:

changing the volume of urine produced.

If someone has a metabolic acid-base imbalance, which type of compensation is possible? ____ Which blood value indicates IF this type of compensation is actually occurring? ____

Respiratory, PaCO2

If someone has a respiratory acid-base imbalance is occurring, which type of compensation is possible? ____ Which blood value indicates IF this type of compensation is actually occurring? ___

Renal, Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Which hormone decreases total body fluid, blood volume, and blood pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

During hyperventilation (breathing more frequently and/or more deeply than normal), P_CO2 levels will _____ and will cause blood pH to ___

Decrease, Increase

Which of the following would INCREASE pH the most?

strong base

Which of the following are "normal" ways in which the human body loses water?

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Urination, cutaneous transpiration, expiration, defecation, sweating

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ______ the thirst center of the brain, located in the ______. ADH also causes an increase in water

____ in the kidneys.

Stimulates, Hypothalamus, reabsorption

Hypernatremia refers to __________ in blood.

higher than normal levels of sodium

What was the purpose of testing distilled water WITHOUT an antacid?

Distilled water is a negative control.

What was the function of phenol red in the experiment? __

Phenol red is a pH indicator.

What was the purpose of using hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the experiment?

Hydrochloric acid simulates gastric (stomach) acid.

Which of the following individuals would be expected the have the highest percentage of body fluid/water?

21-year-old professional soccer player

The condition of having low blood potassium levels is called

hypokalemia

What arterial blood gas (ABG) values would you predict for someone with uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?

pH ______??

Greater than 7.45, PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg , HCO3- greater than 26 mEq/L

Lymph, fluid found within lymphatic vessels, is an example of extracellular fluid.

True

It is impossible to drink too much water.

False

The device used to determine lung volumes (as seen below) is called a

Spirometer

Which lung volume was the only one to INCREASE after exercise, as compared to the resting measurement (before exercise)?

Tidal Volume (TV)

What is happening in the diagram below, when atmospheric pressure (P_B) and intrapulmonary/alveolar pressure (P_alv) are equal?

There is no movement of air.

which structure is the specific membrane that adheres to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Parietal Pleura

the specific blood vessels that transport this blood, in tubule reapsoprption are called what?

Peritubular Capillaries

urethra function

Eliminate urine from the body

Think back to the Virtual Lab about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and examine the graph below. Which line corresponds to the person who drink 1,000 ml (1 L) of distilled water?

Blue Dashed line

Respiratory zone picture from superior to inferior

Respiratory bronchiole - Alveolar duct - Alveoli

Vocal Folds anterior to posterior

Thyroid cartialge - Cricoid Cartilage - Vocal Ligaments - arytenoid cartilage - Corniculate cartilage

What are the symptoms of Laryngitis?

loss of voice, sore throat, and cough. It may also cause difficulty swallowing and a dry throat.

How might Laryngitis lead to epiglottitis?

it causes swelling and inflammation of the larynx, which may extend to the epiglottis, leading to epiglottitis.

Order of Bronchi

Main - Lobar - segmental - smaller

what event happens during an athsma attack?

Bronchoconstriction

Left lung Characteristics

Smaller and narrower, two lobes (superior and inferior) contains the cardiac notch

Right Lung characteristics

larger and wider, 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)

Which pleura is most superficial?

parietal Pleura

quiet breathing muscles include

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Muscle of forced inspiration

scalenes and sternocleidomastoid and pec minor and serratus superior

Muscles of forced expiration

external oblique, transverse abdominus, internal intercostals

when does the diaphragm contract? Inhale or exhale

Inhale

How does epinephrine increase airflow?

It relaxes the smooth muscles in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and increased airflow into the lungs.

Minute ventilation formula

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

what three chemical principles determine gas exchange in the human body?

Partial pressure gradients, solubility of gases in liquids, and temperature affecting gas diffusion.

what is the temperature influence on hemoglobin saturation

more oxygen is released as temperature increases

what is the pH influence on hemoglobin saturation?

More oxygen is released as pH decreases

How is oxygen transported in blood?

Oxygen is primarily transported in blood bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells, with a small amount dissolved in plasma.