CH1: MICROBES SHAPE OUR HISTORY

SPR26 OSU MICROBIOLOGY

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

microorganisms (“microbes”)

the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa

microbiology

what fundamental research is included in microbiology

biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution & clinical aspects & host response of microorganisms

the foundation of all life on earth (still critical for environmental maintenance)

microbes

pathogen definition

cause infection & disease w/in a host

a few microbes can act as ____, but most are harmless or even beneficial

pathogens

scientists believe we have yet to discover _____ of all species of microbes, and most of the study thus far has been related to _____.

• 99.999%

• human life

3 general types of microbes

1. prokaryotes

2. eukaryotes

3. noncellular (or acellular) agents

key difference b/t prokaryote and eukaryote?

prokaryote has no true nucleus or nuclear membrane, and a eukaryote has a membrane-bound nucleus

2 types of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

4 types of eukaryotes

• protozoa

• algae

• fungi

• helminths

single/unicellular microbes

• bacteria

• archaea

• protozoa

single and multicellular microbes

• algae

• fungi

microbes with organics only food source

• fungi

• helminths

microbe with photosynthesis as an only food source

algae

microbes w/ photosynthesis as part (or only) food source

• algae

• bacteria

• protozoa (a few)

microbes with inorganic food sources

• bacteria

• archaea

microbes with organic food sources

• bacteria

• archaea

• protozoa

• fungi

• helminths

microbes w/ cell walls (typically)

• bacteria

• archaea

• algae

• fungi

microbes w/ no cell walls

• protozoa

• helminths

microbes that can (sometimes or always) act as a pathogen

• bacteria (some)

• protozoa (some)

• fungi (some)

• helminths

• viruses, viroids, prions

microbes w/ single cell motility

• bacteria (often)

• archaea (often)

• protozoa (often)

• algae (some)

• fungi (a few)

an organism, typically a microorganism, that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life

extremophile

microbes that can be extremophiles

• bacteria

• archaea (most are)

• protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths (very rarely, only a few)

microbes w/ DNA

• bacteria

• archaea

• protozoa

• algae

• fungi

• helminths

microbes w/ RNA

viruses, viroids, and prions (DNA, RNA, or none)

what are the cell walls of bacteria made of

peptidoglycan

these things help with motility

• flagella

• cilia

• pseudopods

• pili

many protozoa are ___ living

free

some protozoa’s are _____ (benefit from, but cause harm to, host)

parasitic

algae are sometimes ____ w/ aquatic invertebrae

symbiotic

although algae are not pathogens, they can _____ in environments.

release toxins

what some commons ways that fungi are used

yeasts in bread and beer brewing

mycology is the study of

fungi biology

helminths constitute _____ w/ some being macroscopic or visible by the human eye

highly infectious flatworms and roundworms

some microbial infectious agents are ___ and ____; they cannot replicate outside a living host.

• noncellular

• nonmetabolic

virus is a DNA or RNA genome surrounded by a ____

protein capsid

the protein capsid of a virus may be enclosed in a _____.

lipid envelope

virology is the study of what

viruses

viruses are _____ outside a living host

inert

viroids definition

not a true “virus”, but an infectious RNA (only, no proteins)

prions definition

not a virus, but an infectious protein (no RNA, DNA, genome)

food and drink are produced by _____ as far back as 10,000 BCE

microbial fermentation

_________ such as TB, polio, smallpox, and leprosy profoundly affected human demographics and cultural practices

microbial diseases

by 1100 CE, some diseases were understood to be _____, but disease was often attributed to bad air _____, supernatural forces or bodily imbalances.

• contagious

• “miasma”

_____ build the first compound microscope and coined the term “cells”.

robert hook

_______ observed smaller organisms and bacteria with a stronger, single-lens microscope.

anton van leeuwenhoek

who is the “father of microbiology”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

____ the idea that things or cells just appeared out of nothing

spontaneous generation

who showed bacteria were living things capable of reproducing and potentially as a cause of disease

Louis Pasteur

with his S-flask experiment, Louis Pasteur proved biogenesis, which is _______

the idea that biological growth comes from microbes or other biological organisms

major discoveries during the Golden Age of Microbiology

• microbe causes behind fermentation and infectious diseases

• staining technique

• lithotrophy and nitrogen fixation

germ theory of disease

specific diseases are caused by specific microscopic “germs”/microbes

epidemiology

meticulous record keeping and stats to uncover how diseases were spreading

____ common in overcrowded areas like cities and during warfare

disease

____, not poor nutrition, was the leading cause of soldier death

infection

koch’s postulates

scientific method/criteria developed by Robert Koch used to determine if a specific microorganism/pathogen causes a specific disease

pure colony

grown from a single colony of bacteria were crucial for Robert Koch to establish his postulates (isolated strains)

germ theory led to breakthroughs in disease prevention, such as,

handwashing, antiseptics, disinfection, sanitation, sewage and water treatment

antimicrobial drug Salvarsan

first chemical developed to treat bacterial infections such as syphilis

antibiotic penicillin

first natural antimicrobial drug used to treat bacterial infections