Animal Science 101 Exam 2 Notes Study Guide

In the 1890's what did the shift from rural to urban demand mean?

Mass production, cleaner/safer product

What are the 6 basic requirements for the sanitation key to expansion

(1) Healthy cow

(2) Careful grooming of the cows

(3) Clean hands and clean clothing

(4) Clean, dust-free barns

(5) Thoroughly washed and sterilized milking utensils

(6) Prompt and effective cooling of the milk

What is the top 3 milk producing countries?

European Union, United States, & India

What is the trend of the United States dairy consumption and milk production over the years?

It increased

What is the United States Per Capita Consumption of fluid milk, butter, and cheese?

Fluid Milk: 91.10

Butter: 2.51

Cheese: 15.23

What is Iowa's rank of milk production in the United States?

13

What is the trend in dairy production concerning the number of farms compared to milk production?

Number of farms has decreased, but milk production has increased

What factors push the trends we are seeing in the United States?

Use of AI and data collection, genetic evaluations, and advancements in technology

Where are we seeing the advancements of technology in the Dairy industry?

Feeding, harvest, and environmental

Explain the production cycle of managing calving.

Separate from dam at birth, collect the colostrum, navel dip, weigh, milk replacer, calf starter, then free choice water

When do we separate the calf from the dam?

ASAP

Why do the sperate the calf from the dam ASAP?

Biosecurity (avoid fecal-oral contact), bonding, and we need to hand feed the colostrum

How many quarts of colostrum do we feed within the first 24 hours? 2 hours?

4 quarts, then 2 quarts

What are the two kinds of calving housing?

Hutches/huts and condos

Why do we use calf hutches?

Isolation, easy to manage, washable, durable, but they are expensive

Why would we use calf condos?

Isolation (no nose to nose contact), permanent, and inexpensive

Define weaning in dairy calf.

Different from separating from the dam. Meaning we are weaning the calf from milk and are changing the diet of the calf

When do we wean a dairy calf?

Wean based on starter consumption (on an intake-base)

What is heifer development?

Preparation to breed and enter the milking herd

What does ration do in heifer development?

A moderate energy intake that promotes growth, not fat.

What does the housing look like for heifer development?

Small groups for socialization where proper intake is assured.

Do we vaccinate in heifer development?

Yes

When do we breed dairy cattle?

Puberty= function of age and weight

What is the goal in dairy cattle breeding concerning first calving?

To get the heifer to calve at 2 years old

What is the transition period?

3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving (Ration changes are critical)

What are some disorder concerns to look out for during calving?

Dystocia, DA, and Milk fever

Define dystocia

Difficulty calving

Define DA

Displaced abomasum

What causes milk fever?

Low blood calcium

What percent of milk is water and what percent is solids?

Water: 87%

Solids: 13%

What are the solids found in milk?

Protein, Fat, Lactose, along with other solids

How many days does a dairy cow milk for?

305

How many times a day are dairy cattle milked?

2x= milked twice a day

What is ME in the formula 305 2X ME?

Mature equivalent

What does the mature equivalent do?

Adjusts record according to age, season, location

Who is the world record holder for dairy cattle?

Gillette Emperor Smurf

What did the world record holder average for milk/day?

132 lbs of milk/day for 365 days

What are the main factors concerning milking?

Equipment, sanitation, and labor efficiency

What type of milking parlor is this?

Step-Up

What type of milking parlor is this?

Carousel

What type of milking parlor is this?

Herringbone

What type of milking parlor is this?

Parallel

What are the type of housing for dairy cattle?

Free stall and tie stall/stanchion

What is a free stall housing?

Cows are free to lounge around

What is tie stall housing?

Individual feeding and care, but results in more labor

What does the bedding look like in the dairy cattle housing environment?

Clean and dry

What are the bedding types used for dairy cattle?

Sand, shavings, and straw

What does ventilation do in dairy housing?

Keeps cows cool and removes moisture

What types of ventilation are used in dairy housing?

Fans, ridge vents, tunnel ventilation, and curtain slides

What are the feeding considerations put in place for dairy cattle?

Timing (daily on a schedule), consistency (Keep types of feeds consistent), and TMR

What does TMR stand for?

Total mixed ration

How often do dairy cattle calve?

Every 12-13 months

How do most all programs in the U.S. breed dairy cattle?

AI

How long is the dry period?

6-8 weeks

What does the dry period do?

Prepares cows for the next lactation cycle

This is a Scotland breed, has an average milk production, is reddish brown and white, and is known for its excellent udders

Ayrshire

This is the oldest Switzerland breed, is the 2nd highest in milk production, is brown/light brown in color, and is a great grazer

Brown Swiss

Chanel Island breed, smallest in stature, has an average milk production and a high butterfat content, has a heat tolerance, and is gray, fawn, and black in color

Jersey

Also a channel Island breed, has an average milk production, yellow color milk (high beta carotene), and is a tan and white color

Guernsey

This is an England breed, lowest milk production, red white and roan color, accounts for less than 0.5% of dairy cattle

Milking Shorthorns

Holland breed, accounts for 90% of all dairy cattle, has the highest milk production, and has a two color pattern (black and white or red and white)

Holstein

What caused an increase in the interest of cross breeding dairy cattle?

Hybrid vigor, complementarity of breeds, and reduces inbreeding

Where were sheep and goats domesticated?

Asia

What is the trend of the US sheep inventory over the past years?

It has decreased

Trend of the goat population in the US?

Saw an increase around 2008, then began to decrease. We began to see an increase

What does working with sheep look like?

Easy to handle, require little facilities and equipment, roughage is the primary feed, limited labor, need "better" fencing, have internal parasite issues.

What are the different sheep "enterprises"?

Purebred, commercial, feedlot, club lambs, dairy, and wool

What are the different types of commercial enterprises?

Range and farm flocks

This is a low input flock, but large in size. Mainly consists of white face breeds. Found in western environments and consists of 80% or more of US sheep.

Range Flocks

This is a higher input flock, but smaller in size. Can be found in the Midwest and east focus. Mostly meat breed based.

Farm flock

Approximately how many lambs are processed per year through the feedlot?

3 million

How much should a market lamb weigh?

130 pounds

Gain per day of a market lamb?

0.5 to 0.7 pounds per day

What kind of diet will feedlot sheep consume in time to market?

High Concentration

What are the most common dairy breeds of sheep?

Est Friesian, Lacaune, Aveyron, France, and Awassi

What is the average milk production of sheep?

900-1,100 lbs per lactation of 220-240 days

What is the price per cwt of sheep milk?

$60-$65

What percent of the sheep industry is wool?

<10%

What flock is wool based?

Mainly range band flocks

How many pounds of greasy wool does the US produce?

30 million

What are the different properties of wool?

Water and flame resistant along with soiling, wrinkles, and moisture. Good insulation, elasticity, dyeability, and strong and durable.

What is the average fleece weight in the U.S.?

7.3 pounds

How long does the shearing process take?

5 minutes

When do we shorn wool?

When its dry

Define skirting

Removal of the interior portions of wool

What are the three systems of wool quality?

"Blood Grade", Numerical count system, and micron diameter

What other factors influence value of wool?

Clean yield, crimp, uniformity, color, and staple length

What is "Blood Grade"?

Fine, 1/2 blood, 3/8 blood, 1/4 blood, low-1/4 blood, common and braid

What is the Numerical count system?

The spinning count, the number of hanks

What is a hank?

360 yards of yearn

What is China's largest producer of wool?

Cashmere

What are the stages of the production cycle in sheep?

Breeding ---> Gestation ----> Lambing ---> Weaning ----> Feedlot or breeding

What is the gestation length of sheep?

144-151 days (about 5 months)

What kind of ration are Ewes fed on?

Maintenance ration

What signs do ewes display when lambing?

Nervousness, leaving the flock, udders will fill, vulva will become lax

At how many days and what weight do we wean lambs?

60-90 days or 40-50 pounds

What do we feed just weaned lambs?

Creep feed

At what age, in months, does a lamb reach puberty?

5 months

What does polyestrous look like in sheep?

Seasonally (mid to late summer until mid-winter)

Define photoperiod

The duration of light exposed, regulates the cycle of sheep