Psychology Review

Cross sectional

Observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time

Meta Analysis

Studying past studies so a researcher can get the big picture

Split brain phenomenon

The right hemisphere, which controls the left hand and foot, acts independently of the left hemisphere and the person's ability to make rational decisions

Neural firing

A crucial process in neuronal communication, involves four main stages: rest, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

Sympathic and parasympathic

Fight or flight and rest and digest

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion, operating outside conscious control

Central Nervous System

The body’s primary control center, it recieves, processes, and integrates information

Multiple sclerosis

The body's immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, which is a protective layer that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers

GABA

Reduces the likelihood of a neuron firing, helps regulate overall brain activity and prevent overstimulation (stress, anxiety, fear, sleep, epilepsy)

ACH

Muscle learning, memory, deficency leads to alzheimers

Norepinephrine

Increases alterness, arousal, and attention, helps hypertensions

Vestibular

Apart of the ear, helps know where our heads are for spatial moments, causes motion sickness

Kinesthetic

The ability to sense movement and the body’s position without visual aid (like typing or riding a bike)

Frontal lobe

Decision making, language

Temporal lobe

Critical for hearing and balance

Occipital lobe

Responsible for visual processes

Pariental lobe

Receives sensory information

Wernicke’s area

Plays role in understanding speech and language

Thalamus

Used to relay station for all senses but smell

Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis and bodily funtions

Medulla

Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, damage leadds to death

Hippocampus

Responsible for memory learning motivation emotion in the limbic system

Pons

Deals with sleep wakeful and breathing

Rods

Deals with black and white grey images

Cones

Processes color like red yellow green

EEG

Tests eletrical activity

fMRI

Tests brain activity by changes in blood flow

MRI

Uses magnetic fields o get images of brains structure

CT scan

Creates cross- sectional images

Opponent processing theory

Emotions and color perception is not by direct stimulus but rather the emotional response and how it evolves

Top down and bottom up

Prior knowledge to interpet new information vs using sensory input to build an understanding

Gesalt princiapls

Human brain organizes visual patterns by whole than individual processes (simularity, proximity, continuity, closure, common region)

Kinesthesis

How we sense our body movements (walking without looking at feet)

Synthesia

Brain route uses sensory information such as tasting words

Availability heuristics

Over estimating the likelihood of something based on memory (e.g. after seeing news reports about shark attacks, you might overestimate the likelihood of being attacked by a shark)

Self serving bias

Tendency to attribute success to internal factors like personal traits and failures like external situation factors

Retrograde vs antegrade amnesia

Losing previous memories vs. unable to create new memories

Retina

Inner part of the eye that is sensitive to light

Method of loci

A mnemonic device that uses spatial memory to help memorize information. It involves associating items to be remembered with specific locations within a familiar mental "palace" or journey.

Semantic memory

Learning long term memory of facts (like names)

Social Cognition Learning Model

Adults in society foster a child's cognitive develop (E.g., a teacher acting like a good model for a kid to attempt to replicate the actions)

Zone of Proximal Development

The space between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable other (scaffolding)

Latent Learning

Unintentional learning like seeing your parents drive and you learn how to drive as well, mental map is also latent learning used later

Belief Perserverance

Holding their own beliefs even when shown the contrary evidence (believing in your politics even when challenges are looked)

Actor-Observer Bias

People give excuses for their own behavior and judges other (if someone is late is because of their bad management, when you are late its cause traffic)

Out-Group Homogeneity Bias

Tendency to assume other groups are similar (women may think all men are narcissist)

Informational Social Influence

Occurs when individuals conform to the behavior or opinions of others because they believe those others possess more accurate information (relying on reviewers reviewing a product thinking they are more experienced)

Central vs. Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Thoughtful analysis vs. short cuts

Reaction formation

Saying the opposite to how they feel

Reciprocal Determinism

Explains how behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and beliefs), and the environment mutually influence one another in a continuous cycle

Yerkes Dodson Theory

Describes the relationship between arousal levels and their optimum performance (optimal arousal theory)

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The way people generally adapt (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

SSI

Reuptake for antidepressants