Parts and Function of Cell

Active Transport

Requires energy to move molecule; low to high concentration

ATP

energy

cell

the smallest structural and functional unit of an __organism__,

cell membrane

biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment.

cell theory

1- Every living thing is made of cells

2- the cell is the basic unit of life

3-all cells come from other cells

cell wall

structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.

chloroplast

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

cytoplasm

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of protein __filaments__ and __tubules__ in the __cytoplasm__ of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

endoplasmic reticulum

a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

Rough ER

to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes

Smooth ER

makes lipids

eukaryote

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

facilitated diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers. A concentration gradient exists for these molecules, so they have the potential to diffuse into (or out of) the cell by moving down it.

Golgi body

factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

hypertonic

any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids

hypotonic

any external solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to body fluids

isotonic

any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids

lipid bilayer/phospholipid bilayer

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

lysosome

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

mitochondrion/mitochondria

generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

Turns food into ATP(energy)

nucleus

controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information

organ

A part of the body that performs a specific function

collection of tissue

organ system

\
collection of organs

group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

organelle

subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body

(small organ)

osmosis

osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane

passive transport

Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes

prokaryote

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

ribosome

micro-machine for making proteins

selectively permeable

Selective permeability of the cell membrane refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others

tissue

group of cells

vacuole

A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products

vesicle

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles inside cells move substances into or out of the cell

Cytolysis

So much water enters a cell that it explodes

Plasmolysis

water leaves cell so it shrinks

Solute

the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture.

concentration

amount of molecules in an area (concentration = #molecules/area)

centriole

only in animal cells, required for cell division

Hydrophilic

water-loving

Hydrophobic

water-hating

Active transport happens through…

Protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

Endocytosis

process where molecules are taken into the cell through a vesicle

Exocytosis

process where molecules are put out of cell through a vesicle

Protein pumps

use energy in the form of ATP to move molecules across the membrane against concentration