HGAP 4.4 - 4.7

Human Geography

Physical Geographic Boundaries

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

Cultural Boundaries

boundaries which divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

Antecedent Boundary

a boundary established before a large population was present.

Subsequent Boundary

a boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences

Ethnographic

means they are usually related to cultural phenomena

Superimposed Boundary

type of boundary drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns

Landlocked States

without territory connected to an ocean

Relic Boundary

a boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

Geometric Boundary

a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature

Cultural Consequent Boundary

a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits

Physical Consequent Boundary

division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, mountains, or deserts

Open Boundary

unguarded and people can cross easily, with little or no political intervention

Militarized Boundary

one that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing

Defined Boundary

established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another(invisible line)

Delimited Boundary

drawn on map by cartographer to show the limits of a space

Demarcated Boundary

one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape such as a sign or a fence or wall

Definitional Boundary Dispute

occurs when 2 or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

Locational Boundary Dispute

boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited(mapped), or demarcated

Irredentism

type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

Operational Boundary Dispute

centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions

Allocational Boundary Dispute

when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries

Administered Boundary

how a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross are important aspects of this boundary

Controlled Boundary

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country

Exclaves

territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries

Political Enclaves

states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state

Shatterbelt

a place located between 2 very different and contentious regions

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

establishes legal claims to the territorial waters surrounding the country's boundary

Territorial Sea

this area extends up to 12 NM of sovereignty where commercial vehicles may pass, but noncommercial vehicles may be challenged

Contiguous Zone

coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 NM where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

Exclusive Economic Zone

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 NM

High Seas

Water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states

Small Island Developing State

small islands in the world's ocean who have a EEZ larger than the size of the landmass most of them opening it up to different economic opportunities

Internal Boundaries

used at the subnational level to divide countries into smaller units

Electoral Geography

using spatial thinking and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

Voting Districts

internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions

Electorate

people of a country who are eligible to vote, vote for leaders in each district to govern on their behalf

Census

count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people

Reapportionment

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population

Redistricting

state legislatures or state committees redrawing district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

Gerrymandering

drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power

Cracking

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

Packing

combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

Stacking

diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations

Hijacking

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

Kidnapping

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support

Federal State

unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

Unitary State

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

Annexation

process of legally adding territory to a city