Physical Geographic Boundaries
natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains
Cultural Boundaries
boundaries which divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity
Antecedent Boundary
a boundary established before a large population was present.
Subsequent Boundary
a boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences
Ethnographic
means they are usually related to cultural phenomena
Superimposed Boundary
type of boundary drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns
Landlocked States
without territory connected to an ocean
Relic Boundary
a boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape
Geometric Boundary
a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature
Cultural Consequent Boundary
a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits
Physical Consequent Boundary
division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, mountains, or deserts
Open Boundary
unguarded and people can cross easily, with little or no political intervention
Militarized Boundary
one that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing
Defined Boundary
established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another(invisible line)
Delimited Boundary
drawn on map by cartographer to show the limits of a space
Demarcated Boundary
one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape such as a sign or a fence or wall
Definitional Boundary Dispute
occurs when 2 or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary
Locational Boundary Dispute
boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited(mapped), or demarcated
Irredentism
type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land
Operational Boundary Dispute
centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions
Allocational Boundary Dispute
when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries
Administered Boundary
how a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross are important aspects of this boundary
Controlled Boundary
boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country
Exclaves
territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries
Political Enclaves
states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state
Shatterbelt
a place located between 2 very different and contentious regions
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
establishes legal claims to the territorial waters surrounding the country's boundary
Territorial Sea
this area extends up to 12 NM of sovereignty where commercial vehicles may pass, but noncommercial vehicles may be challenged
Contiguous Zone
coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 NM where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation
Exclusive Economic Zone
Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 NM
High Seas
Water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states
Small Island Developing State
small islands in the world's ocean who have a EEZ larger than the size of the landmass most of them opening it up to different economic opportunities
Internal Boundaries
used at the subnational level to divide countries into smaller units
Electoral Geography
using spatial thinking and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns
Voting Districts
internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions
Electorate
people of a country who are eligible to vote, vote for leaders in each district to govern on their behalf
Census
count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people
Reapportionment
changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population
Redistricting
state legislatures or state committees redrawing district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people
Gerrymandering
drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power
Cracking
dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority
Packing
combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
Stacking
diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations
Hijacking
redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other
Kidnapping
moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support
Federal State
unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty
Unitary State
most or all of the governing power is held by the national government
Annexation
process of legally adding territory to a city