APHG Unit 6

Advanced Placement Human Geography Unit 6 - Urbanization and Land Use

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Site Factors

actual qualities of place( such as physical geography, climate, labor force, structures)

Situation Factors

qualities of the area surrounding a place, relative location

Mega-Cities

cities(including the metropolitan area) that have a population of 10 Million or more

Meta-Cities

cities(including the metropolitan area) that have a population of 20 million or more

Suburbanization

transformation of large areas or rural land to urban uses

Suburb

a residential district located on the outskirts of a city

Suburban Sprawl

unrestricted suburban growth and development over large areas spreading out from a city

Urban Sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Edge Cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Exurbs

a district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs.

Boomburbs

large, rapidly growing, incorporated communities of more than 100,000 residents that are not the biggest city in their region.

World Cities

A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce. The 4 are New York, Paris, Tokyo, and London

Rank Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Primate City Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement with no pattern following

Central Place Theory

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

Hamlet

smallest and most common type of settlement in the CPT

Villages

a settlement that is slightly larger than hamlets and provides more services in the CPT

Towns

a settlement that is larger than a village and provides even more services in the CPT

Cities

the largest and least common type of settlement in the CPT and provide the most amount of services to the people

Market Area (hinterland)

the area surrounding a place

Range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

a spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric rings around a CBD (Central Business District)

Hoyt Sector Model

a spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern focused on the downtown core (CBD)

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

a spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD (Central Business District)

Latin American City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the disamenity sectors.

Southeast Asian City Model

a spatial city model that includes a port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and Alien commercial zone

Sub-Saharan African City Model

a spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements (informal satellite townships)

Galactic City Model

represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts. This model represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing has declined significantly and become specialized.

Heavy Rail

(metro, subway) a major type of rail system that operates in tunnels or underground

Light Rail

transit service using two- or three-car trains in a right-of-way that is often separated from other traffic modes. (trolleys)

Low Density Areas

single-family homes with lots of open space in between areas . A dispersed settlement pattern. Farther from the CBD and cheaper to live

Medium Density Areas

Townhomes and single unit housing. Decently Priced

High Density Areas

high rises, most people per unit, most expensive, closest to CBD

Infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Quantitative Date

numerical data

Qualitative Data

descriptive data

Post Modern Architecture

an architectural style that emphasized breaking the rules of the rigid style of modern architecture

Mixed Land Use

Land that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses that provides pedestrian connections

De Facto Segregation

racial segregation that happens organically instead of being enforced by law

Greenbelt

an area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted.

New Urbanism

an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types

Placelessness

when places begin to feel the same due to loss of cultural and historical ties

Walkability

A measure of how friendly an area is to getting around by walking.

Urban Renewal

the redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums.

Public Housing

housing provided to low-income households, subsidized by the government

Brownfields

abandoned areas that have been negatively impacted by pollution and are now contaminated

Redlining

a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations (now illegal in the U.S.)

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood and then selling the property at a higher rate

Zone of Abandonment

Areas or neighborhoods where most people migrate away due to the lack of jobs in that area

Gentrification

the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

Slum

a heavily populated area of a city where poor residents live in substandard homes

Squatter Settlement

groups of houses made of of cheap, nontraditional materials built on land not owned by the residents

Zoning Practices

local laws that define which types of economic activities can take place in specific areas within specific areas of a city

Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

an area with MSAs and µSAs that are close together and economically linked

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area.

Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA)

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

Disamenity Zone

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.(Favelas in Rio)

Council of Government

cities and counties coming together for coordination and urban planning

Environmental Injustice

when marginalized groups face higher levels of environmental risk due to others actions

Greyfields

economically outdated real estate - named after the sea of asphalt that often accompanies these sites

Slow Growth Cities

cities that are actively trying to control their growth to promote sustainability

Smart Growth

planned urban development that aims to reduce environmental effects