Establishing and Transferring Command ch.22

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Last updated 7:47 PM on 9/22/22
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75 Terms

1
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Upon arrival on the scene, how should an IC perform a proper size up of the situation?

A) By viewing the front of the structure
B) By walking or driving around all four sides
C) By talking with the homeowner, or building occupants
D) By reviewing radio communications from the dispatch center.
B) By walking or driving around all four sides
2
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Where does the safety officer position occur in the ICS?

A) As its own autonomous entity
B) Under operations
C) Under logistics
D) As part of the command staff
D) As part of the command staff
3
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Each time a fire department unit responds to an incident, what must be completed for proper documentation?

A) Log book
B) Mileage record
C) Time sheet
D) Incident Report
D) Incident report
4
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Where should the incident command post be located?

A) On either front corner of the building
B) In a nearby, protected location
C) At the forward observation limit
D) Behind the structure
B) In a nearby, protected location
5
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Why should departments develop a specific protocol for naming an incident?

A) It establishes a continuous identity for command, regardless of who holds that position.
B) This eliminates stating it over the radio.
C) This makes it easier to remember.
D) There is no need for incident naming protocols.
A) It establishes a continuous identity for command, regardless of who holds that position
6
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Careless entry of data into the fire reporting system can cause:

A) a slowdown of the reporting system.
B) a reduction in staffing.
C) long-term negative effects on identification of national and regional trends.
D) inflation of incident numbers.
C) long-term negative effects on identification of national and regional trends.
7
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Can and should ICS be used for everyday situations?

A) It cannot but should.
B) It cannot and should not.
C) It can and should.
D) It can but should not.
C) It can and should.
8
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Under what circumstances is the first-arriving officer at a scene in charge, according to the ICS structure?

A) When the first-arriving unit is an engine company only
B) Under all circumstances
C) Under no circumstances
D) As long as the first arriving unit is not an engine company
B) Under all circumstances
9
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If an IC requested three EMS strike teams, what would be dispatched?

A) Three EMS supervisors
B) Three first alarm assignments accompanied by EMS
C) Three high-angle rescue teams with equipment and vehicles
D) Fifteen ambulances and three strike team leaders
D) Fifteen ambulances and three strike team leaders
10
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Which ICS section is responsible for the management of all actions that are directly related to controlling the incident?

A) Logistics
B) Operations
C) Tactics
D) Planning
B) Operations
11
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What is one of the three basic ICS components that always apply to every incident?

A) You always report to one supervisor.
B) Level II staging is always located downwind.
C) The PIO always reports to the logistics section chief.
D) The logistics section is always the first to be filled.
A) You always report to one supervisor
12
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Which ICS section is responsible for the accounting and financial aspects of an incident, as well as any legal issues that may arise?

A) Legal/Accounting
B) Finance/Administration
C) Planning
D) Logistics
B) Finance/Administration
13
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ICS has often been characterized as an organizational toolbox. What is the point of making this comparison?

A) That all subordinates are really tools to be used for a purpose
B) That only the tools needed for the specific incident are used
C) That no one is there except to contribute to the solution of the problem
D) That people, like tools, are the same in essence but different in particulars
B) That only the tools needed for the specific incident are used
14
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Both RECEO-VS and SLICERS are strategies and tactics that are employed to:

A) help meet the incident priorities.
B) transfer command.
C) rescue a downed firefighter.
D) develop the IAP.
A) help meet the incident priorities.
15
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What is the term for the headquarters location for an incident?

A) The staging area
B) The planning sector
C) The forward observation point
D) The incident command post
D) The incident command post
16
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Which method of communicating the necessary transfer-of-command information is most effective?

A) Face to face
B) Simplex radio broadcasts
C) Duplex radio broadcasts
D) Written report with diagrams
A) Face to face
17
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What does the A stand for in IAP?

A) Annual
B) Advisor
C) Action
D) Acting
C) Action
18
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Which of the following is used to describe the location close to the incident scene where a number of units can be held in reserve, ready to be assigned if needed?

A) Resource incident site
B) Resource management site
C) Staging area
D) Holding area
C) Staging area
19
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Who develops the incident action plan that outlines the steps needed to control the situation?

A) The IC
B) The operations chief
C) The planning director
D) The EO
A) The IC
20
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If there is no officer on the first-arriving unit, who, if anyone, establishes command?

A) No one, until an officer arrives
B) The person those present agree on
C) The fire fighter with the greatest seniority
D) Whomever the nearest responding chief officer designates over the radio
C) The fire fighter with the greatest seniority
21
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In most situations, people can only supervise up to a certain number of people. What is the range?

A) 1-3
B) 3-7
C) 9-12
D) 15-18
B) 3-7
22
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Key components of an incident management system include planning, supervision, and:

A) attribution.
B) machination.
C) perambulation.
D) communications.
D) communications.
23
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When an IC performs a proper size up, this is commonly referred to as:

A) a walkabout.
B) a review.
C) doing a 360.
D) a pre-plan.
C) doing a 360
24
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How are the chiefs of the four major functional sections known, collectively?

A) As the ICS general staff
B) As the planning committee
C) As the tactics committee
D) As the ICS council
A) As the ICS general staff
25
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How would an exposure on the left side of the building be designated?

A) Exposure B-A
B) Exposure 2-1
C) Exposure B
D) Exposure 2
C) Exposure B
26
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What do most fire departments have in place in case they receive a call that requires more resources than they have on hand?

A) Strategic resource reserves
B) De no jure declarations
C) Mutual aid agreements
D) Isolation strategies
C) Mutual aid agreements
27
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When did efforts begin to establish an incident management system?

A) World War II
B) The 1970s
C) The mid 1980s
D) The late 1990s
B) The 1970s
28
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Which ICS section is responsible for keeping vehicles fueled and providing food for fire fighters?

A) Logistics
B) Liaison
C) Operations
D) Safety
A) Logistics
29
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What must occur when there is a transfer of command from a fire officer to a higher ranking fire officer?

A) Change of vests
B) Relieved officer returns to the station
C) Transfer of all incident information
D) Nothing is required.
C) Transfer of all incident information
30
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Who is the IC's point of contact for representatives from outside agencies?

A) The planning director
B) The communications center
C) The liaison officer
D) The staging chief
C) The liaison officer
31
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Among the entities of division and group, which supervisor outranks which?

A) Divisions outrank groups.
B) They are all of equal rank.
C) Groups outrank divisions.
D) Whichever is assigned first
B) They are all of equal rank
32
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When a higher ranking officer arrives on scene, is that higher ranking officer obligated to assume command from an existing IC who is of lower rank?

A) Yes, this must always take place.
B) No, this is expressly forbidden; lower ranking officers are to be left in position.
C) Yes, in Class II or III hazardous materials situations; not otherwise.
D) Some departments require this, while others leave it to the higher-ranking officer's discretion.
D) Some departments require this, while others leave it to the higher-ranking officer's discretion.
33
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When is command terminated?

A) When the IC leaves, passing responsibility to a lower ranking officer
B) When the last of the suppression activities is over
C) When the incident is calming and the IC deems using ICS to be no longer necessary
D) When the last company leaves the scene
D) When the last company leaves the scene
34
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Which type of command structure brings representatives of different agencies together to work on one plan and ensures all actions are fully coordinated?

A) Single command
B) Unified command
C) Strategic command
D) Objective command
B) Unified command
35
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What is the term for areas adjacent to a building?

A) Rotundas
B) Exposures
C) Sectors
D) Stages
B) Exposures
36
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What would be the ICS designation for the 7th floor on a high-rise?

A) Sector 7
B) Seventh floor
C) Division 7
D) Level 7
C) Division 7
37
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In ICS terminology, what is a single resource?

A) single fire fighter
B) A single person, fire fighter or not
C) A substance that will be applied, such as water
D) An individual vehicle and its assigned personnel
D) An individual vehicle and its assigned personnel
38
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Which term usually refers to companies or crews working on the same task or objective, although not necessarily in the same location?

A) Task
B) Group
C) Regiment
D) Project team
B) Group
39
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Within a fire department, what is the primary means of communicating at the incident scene?

A) Face to face
B) Runner
C) Radio
D) Hand signal
C) Radio
40
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What is RECEO-VS an acronym for?

A) Rescue, Extinguish, Containment, Exposure, Overhaul, Vent, Search
B) Rescue, Exposure, Confinement, Extinguishment, Overhaul, Ventilation, Salvage
C) Rescue, Exposure, Control, Extinguishment, Overhaul, Ventilation, Size-up
D) Respond, Extinguishment, Confinement, Extricate, Ventilation, Search
B) Rescue, Exposure, Confinement, Extinguishment, Overhaul, Ventilation, Salvage
41
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Which ICS section is responsible for developing the IAP?

A) Tactics
B) Finance
C) Strategy
D) Planning
D) Planning
42
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The Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Finance/Administration sections compose the ICS:

A) command staff.
B) command post.
C) general staff.
D) chain of command.
C) general staff.
43
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Which process enables the IC to determine what resources will be needed to control the situation and to ensure their availability?

A) Unified command
B) Size-up
C) Level I staging
D) Level II staging
B) Size-up
44
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By which title of rank are the heads of the four general staff positions of the ICS known?

A) Staff director
B) Section chief
C) Staff manager
D) Section officer
B) Section chief
45
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What is the term for an assembly of five units of the same type with an assigned leader?

A) Strike team
B) Attack force
C) Regiment
D) Brigade
A) Strike team
46
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What should be announced over the radio when establishing command?

A) The actions that have been taken prior to arrival
B) A formal announcement stating that command is being transferred
C) A formal announcement stating that command is being assumed
D) A formal announcement that command is being established
D) A formal announcement that command is being established
47
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Which ICS section is responsible for providing supplies, services, facilities, and materials during the incident?

A) Procurement
B) Provision
C) Logistics
D) Material
C) Logistics
48
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Can command ever be transferred down to a lower ranking individual?

A) Yes, this is a popular "on-the-job test" scenario for junior officers.
B) Yes, when the situation is under control.
C) No, not unless the IC becomes incapacitated and no one of equal or higher rank is available.
D) No, command can never be transferred to a lower ranking individual.
B) Yes, when the situation is under control.
49
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Which organization developed the first standard incident command system?

A) NFPA
B) Saint John Ambulance
C) USAR
D) FIRESCOPE
D) FIRESCOPE
50
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What is the difference between RESCEO-VS and SLICERS (other than the terms the words represent)?

A) RECEO-VS is designed for the first arriving officer to use.
B) SLICERS is designed for first arriving officer to use.
C) There is no difference; it is up to each individual department to decide which to use.
D) RECEO-VS is used when a victim is trapped.
B) SLICERS is designed for first arriving officer to use.
51
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Who, if anyone, is assigned to supervise each group as it is created?

A) group director
B) A sector leader
C) A group supervisor
D) No one
C) A group supervisor
52
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What is a branch level supervisor called?

A) branch chief
B) A branch director
C) A branch manager
D) A branch officer
B) A branch director
53
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How is the supervisor of a task force designated?

A) Task force leader
B) Task commander
C) Task force officer
D) Task brigadier
A) Task force leader
54
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What is it called when representatives from several different agencies work together to command a multijurisdictional incident in a coordinated manner?

A) Span of control
B) Barr-King-Sheal command
C) Operations control
D) Unified command
D) Unified command
55
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Which ICS section is responsible for the collection, evaluation, dissemination, and use of information relevant to the incident?

A) Strategy
B) Staging
C) Planning
D) Logistics
C) Planning
56
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What is the term usually used for companies or crews working in the same geographical area?

A) branch
B) A brigade
C) A division
D) A regiment
C) A division
57
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In a dynamic emergency incident, what is the maximum number of people that one person should supervise?

A) 12
B) 8
C) 5
D) 3
C) 5
58
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To whom do individuals on the command staff directly report?

A) The staging manager
B) The executive officer
C) The planning director
D) The incident commander
D) The incident commander
59
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What is the principle called that requires each person to have only one direct supervisor?

A) Management by objectives
B) Unity of command
C) Barr-King-Siegel
D) Directed leadership
B) Unity of command
60
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For which types and sizes of incident is the ICS designed?

A) Multiagency only, medium or large size
B) Multiagency only, any size
C) Single agency only, large size
D) All types and all sizes
D) All types and all sizes
61
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Who in the incident command structure is responsible for determining the strategic incident objectives?

A) Deputy incident commander
B) Planning officer
C) Incident commander
D) Operations section chief
C) Incident commander
62
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Which ICS position must be staffed at every incident?

A) Operations section chief
B) Public information officer
C) Safety
D) Incident command
D) Incident command
63
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Often, one of the best ways to protect lives is to:

A) protect exposures.
B) extinguish the fire.
C) overhaul the fire.
D) salvage the fire.
B) extinguish the fire
64
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An incident action plan to control an incident can be effective only if something can be assembled on a timely basis. What must be assembled?

A) The building owners
B) A unified command consensus
C) The necessary resources
D) The media
C) The necessary resources
65
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Who on the IC staff is responsible for gathering and releasing incident information to the news media and other appropriate agencies?

A) Media relations officer
B) News reporting officer
C) Liaison officer
D) Public information officer
D) Public information officer
66
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Upon what is the incident action plan based?

A) Measured uncertainties
B) Information gathered during size-up
C) Projected initial fire history
D) Principles of thermodynamics
B) Information gathered during size-up
67
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What is the term for a group of fire fighters who are working without apparatus and have an assigned leader?

A) crew
B) A group
C) A resource
D) A strike force
A) crew
68
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What is the acronym for the official national fire reporting system?

A) NFIRS
B) NFIS
C) USFA
D) NIMS
A) NFIRS
69
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Which level of supervision can an IC establish in charge of a number of divisions or groups?

A) Branch director
B) Task force leader
C) Strike team leader
D) Company commander
A) Branch director
70
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What is the term for an assembly of two to five single resources, such as different types of units, assembled to accomplish a specific task?

A) Brigade
B) Recon team
C) Task force
D) Regiment
C) Task force
71
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Select the correct statement regarding the order of accomplishment of the three basic fireground objectives.

A) The priorities are separate and exclusive.
B) The priorities are not separate and exclusive.
C) The priorities are separate but not exclusive.
D) The priorities are exclusive but not separate.
B) The priorities are not separate and exclusive.
72
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By which title is the individual in charge of a company known?

A) Resource director
B) Squad leader
C) Company officer
D) Sector manager
C) Company officer
73
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Which NFPA Standard is titled Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System and Command Safety?

A) 1561
B) 1571
C) 1581
D) 1591
A) 1561
74
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Under the concept of Crew Resource Management, while the ultimate decision rests with the officer,:

A) input is sought from all crew members.
B) crew members remain silent and follow orders.
C) input is sought from the second in command.
D) input is requested from the more senior member of the crew.
A) input is sought from all crew members.
75
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In the ICS structure, who is the one person ultimately responsible for managing an incident?

A) The executive officer
B) The planning chief
C) The incident commander
D) The operations chief
C) The incident commander

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
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