Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders

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61 Terms

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Paraphilias

or psychosexual disorders are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, a person, or an activity not usually seen as sexual.

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Psychoanalytic theorists

believe that dissociative disorders result when an extremely traumatic event has been so thoroughly repressed that a split in consciousness results.

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David Rosenhan

In 1978, conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals.

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Substance

- related and addictive disorders is a diagnosis made when the use of such or behaviors like gambling regularly negatively affects a persons life.

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parental support

Children with autism spectrum disorder seek out less social and emotional contact than do other children and are less likely to seek out when distressed.

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Hallucinations

are perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation.

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Psychoanalysts

commonly view depression as the product of anger directed inward, loss during the early psychosexual stages, or an overly punitive superego.

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DSM

The , as its name suggests, provides a way for psychologists to diagnose their patients.

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SAD

is often treated with light therapy.

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Aaron Beck

, a cognitive theorist, believed that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures.

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Positive symptoms

refer to excesses in behavior, thought, or mood such as neologisms and hallucinations, whereas negative symptoms correspond to deficits such as flat affect or catatonia.

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mood

Someone with a(n) or affective disorder experiences extreme or inappropriate emotions.

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Schizophrenia

is probably the most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders.

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Agoraphobia

is a fear of open, public spaces.

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Personality disorders

are well- established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect peoples ability to function.

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DSM

The contains the symptoms of everything currently considered to be a psychological disorder.

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Learned helplessness is when ones prior experiences have caused that person to view him

or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable

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insane

often used by laypeople to describe psychological disorders in general, is not a medical term.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

provides a way for psychologists to diagnose their patients.

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Anxiety Disorders

share a common symptom of anxiety.

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specific phobia

is an intense unwarranted fear of a situation or an object such as claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces) or arachnophobia (fear of spiders).

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generalized anxiety disorder

often referred to as GAD, experiences constant, low-level anxiety.

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Somatic symptom disorders

occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.

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Dissociative Disorders

involve a disruption in conscious processes.

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Dissociative amnesia

is when a person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified.

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organic amnesia

Biologically induced amnesia is called

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Dissociative identity disorder

formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is when a person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality.

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Major depressive disorder

also known as unipolar depression, is the most common mood disorder and is often referred to as the common cold of all psychological disorders.

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

is the resulting diagnosis.

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Aaron Beck

a cognitive theorist, believed that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures.

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Learned helplessness

is when one’s prior experiences have caused that person to view him- or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable.

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Schizophrenia

is probably the most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders.

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Delusions

are beliefs that have no basis in reality.

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Delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you.

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Delusions of grandeur

the belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do, that you are the president of the United States or a Nobel Prize–winning author.

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Hallucinations

are perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation.

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neolo­gisms

make up their own words

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clang associations

string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme

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catatonia

a motor problem.

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waxy flexibility

When motionless, catatonic schizophrenics usually evidence

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Positive symptoms

refer to excesses in behavior, thought, or mood such as neologisms and hallucinations

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negative symptoms

correspond to deficits such as flat affect or catatonia.

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dopamine hypothesis

One of the most popular ideas about the cause of schizophrenia is biological and is called the

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Personality disorders

are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.

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antisocial personality disorder

The most important personality disorder with which you should be familiar is

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dependent personality ­disorder

people with ___ rely too much on the attention and help of others

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narcissistic personality disorder

involves seeing oneself as the center of the universe (narcissism means “self-love”)

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histrionic personality disorder

connotes overly dramatic behavior (histrionics).

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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

may be overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but they will not be debilitated to the same extent that someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder would.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

known as OCD, is when persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

usually involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling event such as a war or natural disaster.

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Paraphilias or psychosexual disorders

are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, a person, or an activity not usually seen as sexual.

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pedophilia

attraction to children

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zoophilia

attraction to animals

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fetishism

attraction to objects, such as shoes

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voyeur

Someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior is a

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masochist

someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon him or her is a

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sadist

someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a

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Substance-related and addictive disorders

is a diagnosis made when the use of such substances or behaviors like gambling regularly negatively affects a person’s life.

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autism spectrum disorder

seek out less social and emotional contact than do other children and are less likely to seek out parental support when distressed.

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David Rosenhan

conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals.