Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders

Paraphilias

________ or psychosexual disorders are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, a person, or an activity not usually seen as sexual.

Psychoanalytic theorists

________ believe that dissociative disorders result when an extremely traumatic event has been so thoroughly repressed that a split in consciousness results.

David Rosenhan

In 1978, ________ conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals.

Substance

________- related and addictive disorders is a diagnosis made when the use of such ________ or behaviors like gambling regularly negatively affects a persons life.

parental support

Children with autism spectrum disorder seek out less social and emotional contact than do other children and are less likely to seek out ________ when distressed.

Hallucinations

________ are perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation.

Psychoanalysts

________ commonly view depression as the product of anger directed inward, loss during the early psychosexual stages, or an overly punitive superego.

DSM

The ________, as its name suggests, provides a way for psychologists to diagnose their patients.

SAD

________ is often treated with light therapy.

Aaron Beck

________, a cognitive theorist, believed that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures.

Positive symptoms

________ refer to excesses in behavior, thought, or mood such as neologisms and hallucinations, whereas negative symptoms correspond to deficits such as flat affect or catatonia.

mood

Someone with a(n) ________ or affective disorder experiences extreme or inappropriate emotions.

Schizophrenia

________ is probably the most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders.

Agoraphobia

________ is a fear of open, public spaces.

Personality disorders

________ are well- established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect peoples ability to function.

DSM

The ________ contains the symptoms of everything currently considered to be a psychological disorder.

Learned helplessness is when ones prior experiences have caused that person to view him

or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable

**insane**

often used by laypeople to describe psychological disorders in general, is not a medical term.

***Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*** **(DSM)**

provides a way for psychologists to diagnose their patients.

Anxiety Disorders

share a common symptom of anxiety.

**specific phobia**

is an intense unwarranted fear of a situation or an object such as **claustrophobia** (fear of enclosed spaces) or **arachnophobia** (fear of spiders).

**generalized anxiety disorder**

often referred to as GAD, experiences constant, low-level anxiety.

**Somatic symptom disorders**

occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.

Dissociative Disorders

involve a disruption in conscious processes.

**Dissociative amnesia**

is when a person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified.

**organic amnesia**

Biologically induced amnesia is called

**Dissociative identity disorder**

formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is when a person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality.

**Major depressive disorder**

also known as unipolar depression, is the most common mood disorder and is often referred to as the common cold of all psychological disorders.

**Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)**

is the resulting diagnosis.

**Aaron Beck**

a cognitive theorist, believed that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures.

Learned helplessness

is when one’s prior experiences have caused that person to view him- or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable.

**Schizophrenia**

is probably the most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders.

**Delusions**

are beliefs that have no basis in reality.

**Delusions of persecution**

the belief that people are out to get you.

**Delusions of grandeur**

the belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do, that you are the president of the United States or a Nobel Prize–winning author.

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**Hallucinations**

are perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation.

**neolo­gisms**

make up their own words

clang associations

string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme

**catatonia**

a motor problem.

**waxy flexibility**

When motionless, catatonic schizophrenics usually evidence

**Positive symptoms**

refer to excesses in behavior, thought, or mood such as neologisms and hallucinations

**negative symptoms**

correspond to deficits such as flat affect or catatonia.

**dopamine hypothesis**

One of the most popular ideas about the cause of schizophrenia is biological and is called the

Personality disorders

are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.

**antisocial personality disorder**

The most important personality disorder with which you should be familiar is

**dependent personality ­disorder**

people with **___** rely too much on the attention and help of others

**narcissistic personality disorder**

involves seeing oneself as the center of the universe (**narcissism** means “self-love”)

**histrionic personality disorder**

connotes overly dramatic behavior (histrionics).

**obsessive-compulsive personality disorder**

may be overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but they will not be debilitated to the same extent that someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder would.

**Obsessive-compulsive disorder**

known as **OCD**, is when persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

**Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)**

usually involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling event such as a war or natural disaster.

**Paraphilias** or **psychosexual disorders**

are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, a person, or an activity not usually seen as sexual.

pedophilia

attraction to children

zoophilia

attraction to animals

fetishism

attraction to objects, such as shoes

**voyeur**

Someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior is a

**masochist**

someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon him or her is a

**sadist**

someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a

**Substance-related and addictive disorders**

is a diagnosis made when the use of such substances or behaviors like gambling regularly negatively affects a person’s life.

**autism spectrum disorder**

seek out less social and emotional contact than do other children and are less likely to seek out parental support when distressed.

**David Rosenhan**

conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals.