H Bio Midterms

Chapters 1, 2, 7, 19, 8, 9, 5, 6, and 3

observation

the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way

data

information gathered from observations

inference

a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation

theory

evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a particular hypothesis may be so well supported that scientists consider it a theory

cell culture

group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

sexual reproduction

when cells from 2 different parents unite to form the first cell of a organism

asexual reproduction

a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

metric system

decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10

electron microscope

a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects

compound light microscope

microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Isotope

An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Ion

An atom that has an unequal amount of protons and electrons giving it a positive or negative charge.

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.

Base

Any compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Buffers

weak acids or bases that are used to neutralize a strong acid or base.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, CHO

Nucleic Acid

CHONP; DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

double stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Covalent Bond

when electrons are shared between atoms to form a new chemical compound

Molecule

The structure that results when atoms are bonded together. This is the most common structure found in nature.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Solution

A mixture of a solvent and a solute. Can be a liquid, solid, or gas

Suspensions

The state in which molecules of a substance are dispersed but not dissolved in a fluid

Monomers

individual carbon based molecules, "monosaccharide"

Polymers

monomer molecules chemically bonded together, "polysaccharide"

Carbohyrates

energy sources like sugars and starches (ex: glucose, sucrose) CHO

Monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides

Protein

one of the organic compounds ; CHON ; found in bones and muscles

Amino Acid

Building blocks of protein (monomer)

Chemical Reaction

A process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

substance produced in a chemical reaction

Enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed

endothermic reaction

A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat

exothermic reaction

A reaction that PRODUCES energy in the form of heat

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins (protein synthesis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. assists ER. complex of vesicles

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts. has digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Lipid Bilayer

semi-permeable double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

Concentration

the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

Diffusion

PARTICLES MOVE FROM AN AREA OF WHERE THEY ARE MORE CONCENTRATED TO AN AREA OF LESS CONCENTRATION.

Equilibrium

WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT A SOLUTION OR SYSTEM

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane: passive transport

Isotonic

WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER ON BOTH SIDES OF A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE IS EQUAL

Hypertonic

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside

Hypotonic

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

MOVEMENT OF SPECIFIC MOLECULES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE THROUGH PROTEIN CHANNELS. THIS PROCESS ALLOWS LARGER MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference THIS IS HOW THE CELL MOVES LARGE OBJECTS ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane. a form of ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Exocytosis

A FORM OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND BULK TRANSPORT IN WHICH A CELL TRANSPORTS MOLECULES OUT OF THE CELL BY SECRETING THEM THROUGH AN ENERGY INTENSIVE PROCESS.

Vacuole

several small ones in animal and one big one in plant - storage of nutrients

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Chemoheterotrophs

organisms that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon Ex) humans and animals

Phototautotroph

organisms that use photosynthesis to create energy and can absorb carbon from the atmosphere Ex) plants

Photoheterotrophs

organisms that uses photosynthesis to create energy, but need to get carbon from an outside source Ex) bacteria

Chemoautotrophs

prokaryotes that can perform chemosynthesis and can absorb carbon dioxide from the environment, but cannot perform regular photosynthesis Ex) hydrothermic vents

Virus

particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

Vaccine

a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provides immunity against pathogens without causing the disease

Antibiotics

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

An organic compound, present in all living tissues, that drives many cellular processes and provides cells with energy.(battery of the cell)

Photosynthesis

The process by which some organisms use sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen as a waste product.

Chlorophyll

An organic compound found in green plants and other photosynthetic organisms that gives plants their color and allows them to absorb energy from light.

Chloroplast

The organelle in photoautotrophs where chlorophyl captures energy from light to create energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Thylakoid

A membrane bound organelle inside chloroplasts, which contains chlorophyll, and where the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis takes place.

Stroma

The internal space of the chloroplast which consists of liquid similar to cytoplasm and where light independent reaction takes place

NADP+

in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier involved in electron transport

NADPH

a product of the first level of photosynthesis. It helps to fuel the reactions that occur in the second stage of the process of photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Electron transport chain

part of light dependent reaction

Bonds carbon molecules

Rubisco

Second stage of photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH is recycled as

ADP and NADP+ back to thylakoids to make more ATP and NADPH