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Yuan Dynasty
Established by Kublai Khan, it was the first time the entire area of China was ruled by foreigners.
Ming Dynasty
Known for social stability and cultural revival, it was the last dynasty ruled by ethnic Hans.
Qing Dynasty
The second time China was ruled by foreigners, instituted changes in dress, and was the last imperial dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion
A violent anti-foreign movement by the "Righteous Fists of Harmony" in China.
Xinhai Revolution
The event that ended the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China.
Bilateral Symmetry
A design principle where secondary elements are symmetrically positioned around main structures.
Enclosure
Building complexes that enclose open spaces, often forming courtyards.
Sky Well
An enclosed courtyard that offers a small opening to the sky, common in southern China.
Hierarchy
The importance and placement of buildings within a site, with front-facing buildings being more important.
Imperial Palaces
Symmetrical structures with designated areas for official business, residence, and shrines.
Number "Nine"
Symbolizes the emperor's supreme sovereignty in ancient China.
Mandarin Residence
Governed by strict rules, reflecting the social hierarchy and regulations of the time.
Horizontal Emphasis
Architectural style focusing on breadth rather than height, with large roofs and enclosed platforms.
Forbidden City
A symbol of imperial China, characterized by low ceilings and a grand exterior.
Cosmology
The use of Feng Shui and Taoism in construction and layout, incorporating elements of good fortune.
Axial City Plan
Influenced by Confucianism, emphasizing a rigid hierarchical layout in ancient Chinese cities.
Classical Chinese City Axial Plan
An orthogonal grid layout with a palace at the center and walls enclosing the city.
Palace in the Axial Center
Represents the centralized power of the emperor in classical Chinese architecture.
Square Plan
Streets arranged in a checkerboard grid along the north-south and east-west axes.
Confucian Concept
Emphasizes harmony and happiness in families through deference to elders.
Classical Chinese House
Features halls for elders and ceremonies, with a main axis for optimal ventilation.
Surrounding Wall
Provides privacy and security for residential structures.
Ting (Hall)
The largest and most formal room for receiving important guests.
Tang (Living Room)
The space designated for family meetings.
L’ou (Apartment)
Living quarters for family members, designed to take advantage of scenery.
Ting (Pavilion)
A space for relaxation within traditional Chinese architecture.
Axis
Controls layout and serves as a path in architectural design.
Traditional Chinese Courtyard
An essential exterior space that extends the interior and serves as a family activity center.
Courtyard
Central to family activities, acting as an extension of the living space.
Jian
A rectangular structural unit used in traditional Chinese architecture.
Classical Chinese Architecture
Characterized by the aesthetic use of wood and exposed structural elements.
Most Evident in Southern China
Thinner walls and exposed wood structures due to hot and humid weather.
Walls
Primarily used as enclosing elements, allowing for flexible interior space division.
Temporary Partitions
Sliding screens and folding panels that allow visual continuity while marking separation.
Ancient Chinese Architecture
Mainly timberwork, resulting in flexible building structures.
Layout
Symmetrical design with the main structure on the central axis.
Residential Architecture (Neolithic Period)
Settled communities with pit dwellings and a diet of millet or rice.
Sloping Roof
Provides a fixed structure supported by standing pillars.
House Body
The main living space within a traditional Chinese home.
Terrace
A solid or hollow structure formed by timber framing.
Foundation of a House
Typically made of rammed earth.
Clay
Commonly used for roofing tiles in traditional architecture.
Thatch and Bamboo
Materials often used by poorer communities for construction.
Wood
Used for framing and roof support when available.
Two Main Kinds of Wooden Framing
Pillars-and-beams and pillars-and-transverse-tie-beams.
Hutong
Narrow streets or alleys typical of northern Chinese cities.
Siheyuan
Quadrangles or courtyard houses with designated spaces for different generations.
Tulou
Large, fortified earth buildings with thick walls, housing multiple families.
Fujian Tulou
Earthen buildings designed for up to 800 people, resembling small cities.
Decorative Roofs
Elaborate ceilings reserved for important structures, built without nails.
Zaojing
Elaborate wooden coffers used in traditional ceilings.
Upturned Eaves
gave the roofs their distinctive graceful, curved shapes.
