AP BIO FINAL REVIEW

What are the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water? Between molecules? Why?

polar covalent; hydrogen; polarity

How do saturated fats compare to nonsaturated ones?

Saturated fats straight C chain, solid; unsaturated kinked (double bond in C chain), liquid

Protein structures:

primary: peptide bonds, secondary: hydrogen bonds AA, tertiary: interaction hydrophilic/phobic R groups, quartenary: multiple polypeptides

Prokaryote DNA? Eukaryotic organelles?

prokaryotes circle chromosome in nucleoid; eukaryotes membrane bound organelles

ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Centrosomes, Peroxisome, Nucleolus, Cytoskeleton

ER: s for lipid synth, r for protein. Lysosomes digest enzymes. Centrosomes: arrange microtubules in spindle. Peroxisome: breaks down toxins in cell. Nucleolus: where ribosomes assembled, cytoskeleton: shape

Fluid Mosaic Model - types of protein, and what is in it to adjust fluidity? What can easily cross the membrane?

Peripheral somewhat through, surface protein on surface, channel is through. Steroids throughout adjust fluidity. Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules easy cross.

Types of Passive Diffusion? Types of Active Diffusion?

Passive: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated. Active: pump, against concentration/large, endo/exocytosis

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic; water potential? Osmoregularity?

Hypotonic: lower solute, hypertonic: higher solute, isotonic: same. Water potential is ability water do work, higher with more. Osmoregularity is concentration of solutes.

Coenzymes vs. cofactors; how do enzymes make reactions more efficient?

Cofactors (inorganic) and coenzymes (organic) help enzymes functuon. Enzymes lower activation energy by putting reactants proper orientation, bending substrate to destable bonds, forming temp. bonds with it.

Endergonic vs. Exergonic Reactions

Endergonic: reactants have products with higher free energy - unfavorable; exergonic favored, reactants have higher free energy