APUSH - PERIOD 1

Barron's APUSH Prep Notes

Pueblo people

Lived in SW US in permanent settlements (pueblos), developed in year 900 in Four Corners, pushed out due to climate change

Four Corners

Region of SW US where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet, where Pueblo civilizations developed

Anasazi people

Early pueblos, dependent on cultivation of maize, with complex societies and sophisticated structures

Great Basin

400,000 square mile stretch of dry, desert land, characterized by a lack of natural resources

Desert Culture

group of characteristics of Great Basin tribes, mainly seasonable mobility following hunter/gatherer cycles, basketmaking, or pottery for sedentary groups

Shoshone, Paiute, and Ute

Large native groupings in Great Basin

Great Plains

Stretch of land from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains

Plains Indians

Native groups that hunted buffalo on foot and maintained a mobile lifestyle

Sioux, Blackfoot, Arapho, Cheyenne

Great Plains Indians

Osage, Wichita, Omaha

Eastern Great Plains Indians, lived a more sedentary, agrarian lifestyle along the Mississippi

Algonquian Peoples

Hundreds of tribes on the East Coast, relied heavily on hunting and fishing due to colder New Engand climate. Those who did farm cultivated corn

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

Iroquois Great League of Peace groups

Iroquois Great League of Peace

Confederation of multiple tribes, made in order to stop fighting among groups, most powerful forces of pre-contact Northeast

Iroquois tribe

Lived in permanent settlements, relied on farming, gathering, hunting, and fishing, but mainly farming of three sisters, they are a matrillineal society

Three Sisters

Corn, Beans, and Squash, most important crops in pre-colonial society

Matrillineal Society

Inheritance and descent pass through the mother’s line

Chinook

People in the Pacific Northwest that all spoke related languages, lived in longhouses with up to fifty people in settled communities, and were separated by cast so commoners were isolated from shamans, warriors, and merchants

Old World

Europe, Asia

New World

The Americas

God, Glory, and Gold

3 main motivations for migration from Old World to New World

Crusades

Religious wars that shook the stability of European feudal society and increased appetite for foreign trade goods, started in order to gain control of “Holy Land”, and Europe lost

Black Death

Pandemic in the fourteenth century, wiped out 1-2 thirds of Europe, undermined feudal system and gave more opportunities for surviving individuals

Renaissance

Period of intellectual and creative growth in Europe, led to desire to explore new areas and a widespread desire for knowledge

Printing Press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, allowed for information to be disseminated and created interest in new discoveries

Indulgences

Papers that absolved one of sin sold by the Catholic Church, pushed Martin Luther towards his break from the Church

Protestant Reformation

A period of breaking from the Catholic Church due to beliefs that it was straying from its political mission headed by Martin Luther and John Calvin, King Henry VIII, and fueled by Puritans

Puritans

English Protestants who believed the Protestant Reformation did not go far enough, they wanted to completely reform the Church

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church’s rebrand as a response to Protestant Reformation, renewed spirituality in the Church and led to Jesuits

Jesuit

Catholic order devoted to spreading their gospel throughout the world

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods and disease between Old World and New World

New World to Old World

Turkehys, corn, potatoes, cocoa, and tomatoes that revolutionized agriculture and peasant diets, tobacco, and syphillis

Conquest Economic Impact on Spain

Massive inflation, higher taxes to cover costly expeditions, and debt to European banks

Compass, astrolabe, quadrant, hourglass, portulanos

Navigation aids and detailed maps that made it easier for navigators to make it around the world

Caravels

Sturdy ships that made it easier to travel

Joint-stock company

Shareholders control part of a company proportional to their shares, allows for limited liability in case a problem occurs, acted as an engine for exploration and colonization

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince in Portugal, encouraged search for Asian trade routes that bypassed Italian city-states in the Mediterranean

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer, supported by Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand, who sailed west in the hopes of finding India, instead finding North America

San Salvador

Carribean Island that Columbus reached first

Taínos

Residents of San Salvador, Columbus named them Indians

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Divided Atlantic Ocean and South America, settled competing claims between Spain and Portugal and allowed Spain to gain dominant footing in New World

Ponce de León

Spanish explorer, reached Florida in 1513

St. Augustine, Florida

First permanent European settlement in the United States, 1585

Montezuma

Leader of Aztecs (Mexica)

Defeat of the Mexica

One of most brutal fights between Conquistadors and Indigenous people, led by Hernán Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

Led expedition that wiped out Incas in 1532

Encomienda

Spanish way of forcing Native Americans into labor on their own land, replaced by plantation agriculture, mirroed the feudal system

Encomenderos

Acted as feudal lords in Encomienda system, managed their plot of land and sent gold and silver back to monarchy

Repartimiento

Spanish Crown-led series of reforms in response to critiques of economienda system

Maroon communities

Communities of Africans who escaped slavery in the New World, preserved African culture and traditions

Palamares

One of the most prominent Maroon communities, in Brazil in early 1600s, conquered by Portuguese in 1694

Casta

Spanish term to describe intermarriage bewteen races in the new world, Peninsulares and Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattos, Indians, and Africans

Peninsulares

Casta system, those born in Spain

Creoles

Casta system, those born to Spanish parents in New World

Mestizos

Casta system, Children of Spanish men and Indian women, below creoles

Mulattos

Casta system, children of Spanish men and African women, below Mestizos

Juanillo’s Revolt

1597 revolt led by Guale people in St. Augustine protesting against missionaries trying to bring them into mission system

Juan de Oñate

Spanish conquistador who, with his soldiers in the 1590s occupied land from the Acoma Pueblo people, leading to an attack back that ended in Spaniards putting them on trial and enslaving them

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish priest, criticized encomienda system as unpardonable

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Spanish theologian, defended encomienda system

Black Legend

Anti-Spanish propaganda written by English, Italian, Dutch and other European authors showing the brutality of Spanish conquest in the New World