Fitness assessment Exam 1

Cardiorespiratory fitness

Moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods

Body Composition

% of body weight that is fat and fat free

Muscular strength

max force

Muscular Endurance

repeated contractions over time or prolonged contraction

Flexibility

Range of Movement

What is physical fitness as defined by the CDC?

Physical fitness is a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity

Make distinctions between physical activity and exercise.

Physical Activity: Body movement, regardless of intensity, not designed to enhance fitness, but may.
Exercise: Structured, planned, designed to promote overall physical fitness

Identify the five components of health-related physical fitness.

1. Cardiorepiratory

2. Body Composition

3. Muscular Strength

4. Muscular Endurance

5. Flexibility

What two elements are termed by the U.S. Surgeon General as having a dose-response relationship? How does the dose affect the response?

Dose: amount of exercise
Response: Health outcome
the more exercise you get, usually the healthier you are

List three reasons to measure health-related physical fitness.

1. Educate individuals on their health status

2. Individualize exercise program

3. Evaluate progress

What are four ways in which regular physical activity and/or exercise leads to improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory function?

1. Increased VO2 max

2. Decreased HR and BP at submaximal exercise intensity

3. Increased capillary density in skeletal muscle (blood flow to muscles)

4. Increased threshold of lactic acid accumulation

5. Decreased myocardial O2

What are the components of skill related physical fitness?

1. Balance

2. Reaction Time

3. Coordination

4. Agility

5. Speed

6. Power

Explain standardization and why it is important in assessment.

1. Pretest instructions

2. Equipment and facility conditions

3. Assessment methods
   Minimize sources of variability

Is decreased anxiety and depression is a postulated benefit of regular activity or exercise?

1. True

2. False

1

What is the minimum dose of accumulated time over 3 days per week necessary to produce health benefits?

90 min total

How can you decrease error in testing?

Follow standardize testing

Describe an everyday task or leisure-time pursuit to which one or more of the components of HRPF are important. Specify components and how they are used as part of this activity

Landscaping
Muscular strength: Move rocks
Muscular endurance: repeated movements (raking)
Flexibility: reach the ground

What two components of HRPF are directly related to cardiovascular disease risk?

1. Cardiorespiratory

2. Body composition

The "ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic, moderate- to high-intensity exercise for prolonged periods" is a definition of:
1) Body composition
2) Flexibility
3) Muscular endurance
4) Cardiorespiratory fitness

4

An 80-year-old person who engages in exercise training may experience fewer falls and injuries from falls compared to an untrained 80-year-old person.
1) True
2) False

1

The "gold standard" within the context of fitness assessments can be defined as "the definitive or true measure."

1. True

2. False

1

Using the same procedures, instructions, and equipment each time, a test is performed as an example of which fundamental principle of assessment?
1) Equipment calibration
2) Standardization
3) Consistency
4) The gold standard

2

Which physical fitness component is not directly health related?
1) Muscular strength
2) Cardiorespiratory fitness
3) Speed
4) Body composition
5) Flexibility

3

Regular exercise training results in greater independence and enhanced physical function in older people.
• 1) True
• 2) False

1

Which one of the following benefits from regular exercise training is not considered a cardiovascular disease risk factor?
1) Anxiety and depression.
2) Resting systolic blood pressure
3) Body fatness
4) Serum cholesterol levels

1

Which of the following benefits of regular physical activity or exercise is not related to reduction in coronary artery disease risk factors?
1) Increased exercise threshold for accumulation of lactate in the blood
2) Reduced insulin needs
3) Reduced intra-abdominal fat
4) Reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures

1

Reliability

measurement value is the same
consistent, repeatable

Validity

test measures what it is designed to measure
Comparison to gold
Standard error of estimate

One way to decrease error in testing is to calibrate equipment before each testing session

1. True

2. False

1

Not all component's of physical fitness are related to health

1. True

2. False

1

There is a universal set of standards that mandates a core of required curriculars for university degree programs in the field of exercise science

1. True

2. False

2

What is the purpose of preassessment screening?

Gain knowledge of health status and history to optimize safety of client

What are the essential elements of informed consent?

1. Purpose
2. Procedure
3. Risks/ Discomfort
4. Benefits
5. Alt. Testing
6. Participant responsibilities
7. Encourage questions
8. Data handling
9. Ability to withdraw consent/ stop assessment

Describe (as if to a client) the procedures for submaximal cycle ergometry(cardiovascular test) as you would during a client interview and orientation before exercise testing

"We'll do a submaximal bike test to see how your heart and lungs respond to exercise without pushing you to your limit."
"I'll adjust the bike for comfort and put a heart rate monitor on you. We may also check your blood pressure."
"You'll start pedaling easily, and the resistance will gradually increase every few minutes."
"I'll ask how you feel, and you should tell me immediately if you feel dizzy, short of breath, or uncomfortable."
"The test stops before maximum effort, and we'll finish with a cool-down."
"The results help us understand your fitness level and design a safe exercise plan for you.

Describe (as if to a client) what you will find using skinfold measures to assess anthropometry

We'll use a special tool called a caliper to measure the thickness of the fat just under your skin.
Measurements are taken at a few standard sites on your body, such as your arm, back, or thigh.
These measurements help us estimate your body fat percentage.
Knowing your body fat percentage helps us understand your body composition—how much is fat versus muscle and bone.
This information is useful for tracking progress over time and setting realistic fitness goals.
The process is quick, safe, and non-invasive.
You may feel a brief pinch at each site, but you can tell me if you feel uncomfortable.

identify the major signs or symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.

1. Pain (chest, neck, arm, jaws)
2. Shortness of breath/ abnormal breathing
3. Dizziness
4. Swelling
5. Palpitations/ fast HB
6. Intermittent Claudication
7. Heart murmur

Identify eight positive risk factors for development of coronary artery disease that are used in the ACSM risk stratification process.

1. Age
2. Family history
3. Smoking
4. Sedentary Lifestyle
5. Obesity
6. Hypertension
7. Dyslipidemia
8. Prediabetes

The negative risk factor for development of coronary artery disease that is used in the ACSM risk stratification process is _.

High HDL cholesterol

A body mass index (BMI) > _ kg/m2 is used as a definition of obesity

30

Regular accumulated exercise of at least minutes on at least days of the week for at least _ months is required to avoid the designation of "sedentary lifestyle.

30 min 3 days a week for 3 months

How many months need to lapse after a person stops smoking before cigarette smoking no longer is a positive risk factor for development of coronary artery disease?

6 months

If an individual is stratified as "low risk," is it necessary for him or her to have a medical examination or exercise testing or to have a physician present during supervision of exercise testing relating to assessment of preactivity screening?

No, False

If an individual is stratified as "moderate risk," what assessments are recommended for that individual to engage in vigorous exercise?

1. Medical exam
2. Exercise testing

If an individual is stratified as "high risk," is it recommended that he or she have a current medical examination and exercise testing with a physician present before initiating a new exercise program?

Yes, True

A person bound by law to complete all components of the test regardless of his or her wishes after they sign an informed consent form to undergo assessment of his or her physical fitness level?

False

A person is currently taking antihypertensive medication, is he or she considered to have "hypertension" as a positive risk factor for development of coronary artery disease?

True

A major purpose of pressessment screening is to reduce the potential of undesired health-related occurrences during physical fitness assessment.
1) True
2) False

1

Signs and symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases indicate the need for medical clearance before initiating an exercise program.
1) True
2) False

1

According to the ACSM, if an individual has not been participating in regular exercise, and has a known cardiovascular disease, and is asymptomatic, then medical clearance is recommended before beginning a moderate intensity exercise program with you, the exercise professional.
1) True
2) False

1

What is the lower end of the range for HDL-C when it becomes a positive risk factor for CVD?
1) 40 mg/dl
2) 60 mg/dl
3) 130 mg/dl
4) 200 mg/dl

1

Which of the following anatomical sites is not common for the measurement of HR?
1) Ulnar
2) Radial
3) Carotid
4) None of the above

1

What is the lower end of the range for LDL-C when it becomes a positive risk factor for CVD?
1) 40 mg/dl
2) 60 mg/dl
3) 130 mg/di
4) 200 mg/dl

3

The negative risk factor for development of coronary artery disease that is used in the ACM risk stratification process is:
1) Triglycerides
2) LDL-Cholesterol
3) Total Cholesterol
4) HDL-Cholesterol

4

After a person signs an informed consent form to undergo assessment of his or her physical fitness level, that person is bound by law to complete all components of the test regardless of his or her wishes
1) True
2) False

2

Women are at risk for cardiovascular disease at an earlier age than men.
1) True
2) False

2

What is the lower end of the range when blood glucose becomes a positive risk factor?
1) 25 mg/dl
2) 70 mg/dl
3) 110 mg/dl
4) 200 mg/dl

3

Informed consent is just simply the act of the client signing a form that asserts his or her understanding of and consent to participate in a HRPF assessment
1) True
2) False

2

A person who signs an informed consent form before assessment for physical readiness to exercise should understand the risks and benefits of the assessments to be done.
1) True
2) False

1

Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure is an example of a relative contraindication to exercise training, meaning it can be superseded if benefits outweigh risks of exercise.
1) True
2) False

2

BMI is a direct predictor of a client's body fat.
1) True
2) False

2

If a person is currently taking antihypertensive medication, he or she is considered to have "hypertension" as a positive risk factor for development of coronary artery disease.
1) True
2) False

1

What do you call the audible sounds you hear through a stethoscope when measuring the blood pressure by indirect auscultation?

Korotkoff Sounds

What is considered "Prehypertension"?

SBP <139 DBP <89

What is the general percentage of the arm's circumference that a BP bladder should encircle to ensure an accurate reading?

80%

What is the effect on a BP reading if the cuff size is too small

Falsely High

What is the effect on a BP reading if the cuff is too large?

Falsely low

What is white coat syndrome?

Elevated BP readings due to anxiety or stress in a clinical setting

Which two coronary artery disease risk factors can be determined by a recent fasted blood test?

Cholesterol and blood glucose

What is phlebotomy?

Insert needle into vein to draw blood

What are normal resting blood glucose levels?

Do you need to calibrate a mercury manometer regularly to ensure the accuracy of blood pressure measures

No- gold standard

What is the purpose of BMI?

estimate body fat and weight relative to height

How fast should a BP cuff be deflated?

slowly 2-3 mmHg per sec

Is obesity only associated with CAD risk as a secondary risk factor?

No, primary risk factor

What are important standardization steps that should be used when measuring a client's height?

1. Remove shoes

2. Upright, heels together

3. Heels, butt, shoulders and head against stadiometer

4. Eyes level

Waist circumference is typically measured at the circumference above the umbilicus and below the xiphoid process

Smallest

Prehypertension" demonstrates a resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) ranging from ___ to ___ mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ranging from___ to ___ mm Hg.
1) 100-120, 60-80
2) 120-139, 80-89
3) 140-159, 90-99
4) 160-179, 100-110

2

Physical activity questionnaires, diaries, and logs are examples of objective assessments
1) True
2) False

2

Two coronary artery disease risk factors that can be determined by a recent fasted blood test are cholesterol and blood glucose.
1) True
2) False

1

What is the general percentage of the arm's circumference that a BP bladder should encircle to ensure an accurate reading?
1) 20%
2) 40%
3) 60%
4) 80%

4

When measuring the blood pressure by indirect auscultation, the audible noises that are heard through the stethoscope are called:
1) Bowel sounds
2) Heart sounds
3) Korotkoff sounds
4) Stethoscope sounds

3

What is the BMI of a person who is 5'8 200-pounds?
1) 25.6
2) 27.9
3) 30.5
4) 31.3

3

Normal fasting HDL-Cholesterol levels are:
1) 20-40 mg/di
2) 40-60 mg/dl
3) 70-90 mg/dl
4) 110-130 mg/dl

2

If a large adult cuff is used for a small adult female, the resulting blood pressure reading will probably be falsely high.
1) True
2) False

2

The recommended 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity advocated by public health recommendations must be completed continuously in one session.
1) True
2) False

2

A BP reading may be elevated if the cuff size is too small?
1) True
2) False

1

A mercury manometer must be regularly calibrated to ensure the accuracy of blood pressure measures.
1) True
2) False

2

Coronary artery disease risk associated with obesity is only exerted through other risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and is not an independent risk factor.
1) True
2) False

2

A person should be seated quietly in a chair with aback and their feet on the floor for how long before they have their resting BP measured.
1) 5 minutes
2) 10 minutes

1

When deflating a blood pressure (BP) cuff to measure BP, it should be reduced by 2 to 5 mm Hg/sec between systolic BP and diastolic BP.
1) True
2) False

1

A person whose resting blood pressure is elevated because of the effect of being in a doctor's office or in a clinical setting is said to have white coat syndrome.
1) True
2) False

1

Normal fasting total cholesterol levels are:
1) 150-200 mg/dl
2) 200-230 mg/dl
3) 240-250 mg/dl
4) 300-330 mg/dl

1

What is the BMI of a person who is 5'10 195 pounds?
1) 25.0
2) 26.4
3) 27.3
4) 28.0

4

Normal fasting blood glucose levels are:
1) 70-100 mg/dl
2) 110-130 mg/dl
3) 150-200 mg/dl

1

What is sarcopenia and why is it a relevant health concern for adults?

Age related loss of muscle mass/ major predictor of disability

Underwater weighing and plethysmography measure body volume. How is volume used to determine the amount of body fat in the subject?

Body volume is used to calculate body density (mass ÷ volume), and because fat is less dense than lean tissue, this density is then used in a formula to estimate body fat percentage.

Define anthropometry

measures circumference, girth, and skin folds

Define plethysmography

BOD POD measuring body volume by assessing air displacement within a sealed chamber

Define circumference

distance around a specific body part, typically taken with a flexible measuring tape.

Define BIA

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a method of estimating body composition by measuring the resistance of body tissues to a small electrical current.