Exam 1 module 3

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

hydrocarbons

compounds of carbon and hydrogen

oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, and halogens

organic compounds contain hydrogen and carbon atoms with

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

covalent bonds

between 2 nonmetals
-share electrons

hydrogen, ionic, van der waals

what are the three types of non-covalent bonds

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

overlap of orbitals

covalent bonds can be thought as the

double bond

sharing of 4 unpaired electrons between 2 atoms

single bond

sharing 2 unpaired electrons between 2 atoms

triple bond

sharing 6 unpaired electrons between 2 atoms

only carbon and hydrogen

hydrocarbons are organic molecules and consist of

oxidation reaction

a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge

reduction reaction

a chemical change in which electrons are gained

OILRIG

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

ethane

2 carbons

methane

1 carbon

propane

3 carbons

butane

4 carbons

organic substances

nearly all drugs are

linear, branched, cyclic

what are the three categories of shapes a carbon skeleton can have

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

what are the different variations of linear carbon skeletons

homocyclic, heterocyclic, aromatic

what are the three types of cyclic carbon skeletons

carbon backbone and functional groups

what are the two parts of organic molecules

chemical and physical

functional groups largely define the _ ____ _____ properties of the compound

alkAne

single bonded carbons

alkene

Double bonded carbons

alkyne

triple bonded carbons

benzene ring

Consists of six carbon atoms

phenyl

benzene rings can also be called

amine

R-NH2
-has nitrogen

alcohol

R-OH

ether

C-O-C
-oxygen is in the middle of carbon

alkyl halide

An alkane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a halogen.

thiol

R-SH
-has sulfur

aldehyde

CHO
-double bond between oxygen and carbon
-has alcohol group

ketone

R-C=O-R
-double bond between carbon and oxygen

ester

RCOOR
-2 oxygens

carboxylic acid

COOH
-double bond from carbon to oxygen

amide

NH2
-double bond oxygen to carbon

-carbon bond to nitrogen functional group

linear chain of carbons

normal alkanes have a

alkyl groups

occur when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane
-ex: methane to methyl

replace -ane with -yl

naming the alkyl substiuents

nonpolar

alkanes are (polar or non polar)?

not soluble in water

are alkanes soluble in water?

non polar bonds

equal sharing of electrons

polar bonds

unequal sharing of electrons
-who is stronger

alphabetical order

what order do you name substituent alkyl groups

hyphens

when naming organic compounds, numbers are separated from letters by

commas

when naming organic compounds, numbers are separated from numbers by

simplest organic molecule

alkanes are the

cycloalkane

an alkane that is a ring or cyclic structure

saturated molecules

contain the max number of hydrogen atoms for a given number of carbon atoms

costs hydrogen atoms

in cycloalkanes, forming rings or double bonds

unsaturated

compounds that contain double bonds or rings

alkenes

have a carbon-carbon double bond functional group

trigonal planar

what is the geometry around alkene carbons

non-polar

hydrophobic

hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make fat more solid and resistant to the chemical change of oxidation
-remove double bond to make single bond and go back to alkane

alkane

what is the end product of hydrogenation

polymerization of alkenes

joins together alkanes to produce long chains known as addition polymers

denser and stronger the polymer

in terms of polymerization of alkenes, the longer the chain the

not soluble

alkynes are ___ ____ in water

aromatic groups

cyclic structures with a specific pattern of bonds
-single-double-single

benzene

what is the most common type of aromatic group

phenyl group

C6H5-

Benzene ring attached to a parent compound

nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen

aromatic compounds can involve

alcohol groups

has hydroxyl group bound to alkyl C atom

phenol groups

have benzene rings with OH groups attached

more water soluble

the double bonding in the phenol ring combined with the hydroxyl group makes phenols much more

carbons bound to other carbons in a ring

aromatic ring structures are

ether groups

molecule with an oxygen atom bonds too 2 carbon atoms
-C-O-C

increase water solubility

ether groups ____ _____ _____ due to the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom

larger R group

when naming ethers, what group is named as an alkane

alkoxy

when naming ethers, the smaller R group with the oxygen is named as an

ether name example

1-ethoxybutane

amine groups

contain a nitrogen atom singly bound to 3 or 4 atoms

polar

amine groups are _ because nitrogen is much more electronegative than carbon

number of carbon atoms bound to nitrogen

amines are distinguished from each other by the….

primary amines

Amines with one alkyl group attached to nitrogen.

secondary amines

Amines with two alkyl groups attached to nitrogen.

tertiary amines

Amines with three alkyl groups attached to nitrogen.
-most local anesthetics

quaternary amines

Amines with four alkyl groups attached to nitrogen. They carry a permanent positive charge.

polar--water soluble

what are amines in terms of polarity?

ability to form acid-base salts

what is an advantage of amine functional groups

basicity of amines

amines will accept a proton from a strong acid to form its conjugate acid (an ammonium salt)

ketone group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)

water soluble because of the carbon to oxygen double bond

ketone solubility

aldehyde group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)

polar because of carbon to oxygen double bond

similar to ketones

carbonyl functional group

carbon double bonded to oxygen
-very strong bond

carboxylic acid group

carbon atom with a double bond to oxygen and a single bond to hydroxyl group

acidic

carboxylic acid is _
-this is because the hydrogen on the OH is weakly attached---very easy to remove a proton (H+) from the OH group

water soluble

carboxylic acids are

oic acid to parent name

naming carbonyl acid groups

gains hydrogens

reduction reactions

loses hydrogens

oxidation reactions

ester groups

carbon with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to another oxygen atom which is bound to carbon

2 oxygen atoms

what makes esters soluble in water

alcohol and carboxylic acid

esters are formed by the combination of