anatomy & physiology 2 - male reproductive system (FINAL EXAM)

_____ is what makes sperm and eggs haploid

_____ is what makes sperm and eggs haploid

meiosis

in most mammals the male’s external reproductive organs are the _____ and the _____

scrotum; penis

the internal organs of the male reproductive system include the _____ (testes) which produce sperm and hormones, and accessory glands

gonads

the _____ of the male reproductive system include production, nourishment, and temporary storage of haploid male gametes (spermatozoa), the intromission of a suspension of sperm (semen) into a female, and the production of male hormones (androgens)

functions

the _____ lie outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum with a septum that separates the two; they contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells; they function to produce normal sperm which cannot occur at body temps of most mammals (if they’re in the abdominal cavity, the sperm become too warm and the male becomes infertile); they develop by the kidneys, but the _____ ligament guides them through the inguinal cavity to descend outside the body

testes; gubernaculum

_____ means “hidden testes” and it’s when the testes don’t descend; it occurs in 30% of premature boys and 1% of full-term boys; it needs to be corrected because if not, it can increase the risk of testicular cancer and can cause the male to be infertile

cryptorchidism

spermatogenesis (the formation of sperm) requires _____ temperatures so the scrotum is about 2-3˚ below body temp

cooler

the _____ contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, muscle, and connective tissue which carries sperm from the testes into the body; the testicular artery and plexus of veins are parallel, so they exchange _____ heat to keep the testes cooler than body temp

spermatic cord; countercurrent

the _____ muscle is in the spermatic cord and it raises and lowers the testes so that when its cold, the testes are pulled closer to the body and when it’s hot, they’re lowered away from the body

cremaster

the _____ muscle in scrotum causes the skin to wrinkle and tighten

dartos

the scrotum has a white coating called the _____

tunica albuginea

the _____ produce sperm cells

seminiferous tubules

the _____ is a long tube where sperm mature

epididymus

the _____ carries the sperm upward

vas deferens

the _____ are segments of connective tissues where interstitial (leydig) cells are (they make testosterone); there are about 1-4 seminiferous tubules between the segments that are coiled, non-branching loops about 70 cm in length

testis lobule

when looking at the spermatic cord, the cells on the outside have stem cells along their periphery that are dividing to make new_____; there are also bigger cells in between these that function to nourish, clean up garbage, and take care of sperm as they’re maturing, these are called _____ cells (support cells, also called sertoli cells); the outside is them made of connective tissuse that contains _____ cells that contract to move sperm and fluid along

sperm; sustentacular; myoid

the _____ produce and secrete testosterone

interstitial cells

_____ (sertoli) cells have supportive, phagocytic, and secretory functions; they’re columnar cells and have lots of processes that surround the spermatogenic cells

sustentacular

the _____ barrier prevents some of the noxious things from getting into the sperm (drugs and toxins)

blood-testis

_____ happens from puberty and continues through the rest of the males life; within the periphery of the spermatic cord, there are stem cells called _____ (primary sperm cells) that divide, come up to form _____, and then once they mature they’re called _____; as the cells are dividing, they move from the outside towards the lumen of the tube which takes about 70 days; at this time, the sperm don’t swim, they’re just carried along by muscles

spermatogenesis; spermatagonia; spermatids; sperm

_____ have a singular, long flagella with lots of mitochondria to power the tail to swim; the head contains enzymes

sperm

_____ is involved with sperm production and _____ makes testosterone which also helps with sperm production

FSH; LH

in the testes, _____ stimulates meiosis in primary spermatocytes to form immature sperm cells; it also stimulates the secretion of inhibin by supporting cells

FSH

in the testes, _____ stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)

LH

when FSH and LH are produced, they travel in the blood to the testes so if these hormones are produced in substantial amounts, they can be inhibited to make less, creating a _____; both of these hormones also stimulate muscles, hair growth, the adam’s apple to grow, the voice to change, etc.

feedback loop

nearly _____ sperm are produced daily; they’re made in the seminiferous tubules which come together to make the _____ which then goes to the _____ where they mature and can wait for weeks; once ejaculated into a female, they can live for for days

300 million; rete testis; epididymis

sperm can’t _____ when they’re in the testes; it isn’t until they’re mixed with the semen where they wake up and start swimming

swim

the _____ is a single, highly convoluted tube (about 6m long) that’s glommed onto the testes; it has a head, body, and tail; ductules enter through the head and the vas deferens exits through the tail; it’s lined with _____ cells and very long microvilli called _____; it also contains a narrow sheath of smooth muscle that thickens towards the vas deferens; this structure is where sperm mature and “wait” in the tail

epididymus; pseudostratified columnar; stereocilia

the two vas deferens go up the testes, up the spermatic cord, and then go around the pelvis to the back of the bladder where they come together and meet glands called _____ that make the greatest percentage of fluid that’s in semen; they then all meet inside the _____ gland; the _____ duct then meets the urethra on the _____ gland

seminal vesicles; prostate; ejaculatory; prostate

the seminal vesicle makes _____ of semen whereas the prostate makes _____ of semen; the _____ glands then contribute by making mucous

60%; 30%; bulbourethral

a _____ is a procedure where a small slit is made, a piece of the vas deferens is removed so it can be cut and cauterized; therefore, the male body still makes semen and testosterone, there’s just no sperm in it

vasectomy

_____ is cutting off the testes meaning there’s no sperm or hormones being made

castration

the _____ are paired, elongate, high focused tubular glands that combine with the ampulla of the vas deferens; they’re tall, narrow, complex folds lined with mucosa and smooth muscle (which makes up most of the surface area); they secrete a whitish/yellow viscous fluid with fructose which supplies sperm with energy; the smooth muscle is what contracts to ejaculate the fluid out to mix with sperm

seminal vesicles

the _____ glands are two, pea-sized glands that produce mucous; they meet the initial part of the penile urethra where preseminal fluid lubricates the urethra

bulbourethral

the _____ gland is embedded in fibroblasts, collagen, and smooth muscle; they’re surrounded by a capsule with septa and have ill-defined lobes; there are three concentric layers with the urethra going through it; it secretes about 30% of the fluid in semen and contains enzymes, phospholipids, and alkaline buffers which are needed to neutralize the acid of the vagina

prostate

_____ prostatic hypertrophy means there’s no cancer, it’s just growing; therefore, this means the epithelium of the prostate is enlarged (hypertrophy)

benign

_____ cancer is the most common cancer in men, excluding skin cancer; the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test can be done to detect early cases of this cancer; surgery and radiotherapy (or both) an be done as treatment

prostatic

the human _____ is composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue; during sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries causing an erection

penis

the penis is composed of erectile tissue in 2 dorsal cylinders known as the _____ and 1 ventral cylinder on the bottom known as the _____ which are surrounded by dense fibrocollagenous connective tissue

corpora cavernosa; corpora spongiosum

the _____ is the head of the penis; a _____ is also known as the foreskin which can be cut off during circumcision

glans; prepuce

_____ tissue has vascular spaces with tough capsules around it; so when this space is empty with blood, the _____ arteries straighten out and relax allowing blood to pour in causing the cavernous space to be enlarged, pushing on the veins causing an erection

erectile; helice

the _____ make the sperm which go into the _____ where they mature; they’re then carried up the _____ to the back of the _____ on either side where they meet up with _____; the _____ meets the urethra, through the _____; then it comes out _____ and the _____

testes; epididymus; vas deferens; bladder; seminal vesicles; ejaculatory duct; prostate; urethra; penis