APHG final (all units) pt. 1

What are the 5 themes of geography?

Location, Human environment interaction, place, movement, and regions

Define hearth

where an idea originates

define globalization of culture

globalization due to interchanging beliefs and customs

define globalization of economy

globalization due to business

define reference maps

regular maps showing cities, boundaries, mountains, or roads

define thematic maps

maps highlighting a particular feature or a single variable such as temperature, city, size, or extra information

define isoline maps

topographic maps, that show lines that connect points of equal value.

define choropleth maps

maps that show the level of some variable within predefined regions, such as counties, states, or countries

define dot maps

maps that use a dot to represent the occurrence of some phenomenon in order to depict variation in density in a given area

define cartograms

maps that have distorted population

define resolution

the amount of details or depth of a maps

define scale

the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature of earths surface

what are the 3 types of scale

Ratio (fraction, ex: 1:24,000), bar, and written

define small scale

depicts a large area but with less detail

define large scale

depicts a small area but with great detail

define cartography

the science of making maps

define projection

the system used to transfer locations from earths surface to a flat map

Maps that project the entire world can distort..

shape, distance, relative size, and direction

define Robinson projection

a compromise map projection showing the poles as lines rather than points and more accurately portraying high latitude lands and water to land ratio.

define Mercator projection

the oldest of the map projections; a cylindrical map projection It became the standard map projection for navigation because it is unique in representing north as up and south as down; it is distorted near the poles.

define Toponym

The name given to a portion of earths surface. Has to be natural feature

define site

the physical characteristics of a place

define situation

the location of a place relative to other places

define meridian. The 2 main meridians?

an arc is drawn on a map between the North and South poles (longitude)

Prime Merdian and International dateline

define parallel

a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at the right angle to the meridians (latitude)

How many time zones are there in the US? what is it based on and why? where do time zones occur?

4, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.

Greenwich England, was the most powerful country when established

every 15 degrees longitude

define Greenwich mean time

the time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or zero degrees longitude

define the international date line

Arc 180 degrees longitude, when passing east (near America) clock moves back a day. when you move west (toward Asia) moves ahead a day

define spatial association

the distribution of one phenomenon that is related to another phenomenon. (why 2 places are located there, related is to be closer)

define spatial distribution

The arrangement of phenomenon across earths surface

define environmental determinism

19th and early 20th century approach that argued physical terrain of world dictates of humans survive.

define possibilism

theory that people can overcome the physical problems/features-( humans conquer land instead of land conquering humans)

define distribution

the 3 types?

the arrangement of something across earths surface

density, concentration, pattern

define density

the frequency with which somethings exists within a given unit of area. Does not tell you where something is, just numbers

define arithmetic density

the total # of people divided by total land area

define physiological density

the total # of people divided by all arable land

define agricultural density

the total # of farmers divided by arable land

define diffusion

the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another overtime

define relocation diffusion

the spread of a feature of tend through physical movement of people from one place to another. Does not have to grow in #s

define expansion diffusion. The 3 types?

the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. Involves growing #s

Hierarchical, Contagious, stimulus

define Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or tend from one key person or node of authority or power to other people or places

define Contagious diffusion

the rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

define stimulus diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle or thought process, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

define a formal region

uniform, everyone shares a distinct characteristic

define a functional region

nodal, area organized around a focal point

define a vernacular region

perceptual region, beliefs and cultural identify

Define culture

Customary beliefs, social, forms, and material traits of a group of people in tradition

define acculturation

the spread of cultural traits from one society to another

define overpopulation

too many people, to little resources

define carrying capacity

the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support

define doubling time

the time it takes for a population to double

what are the 4 most over populated regions in the world?

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe

what are the 4 sparsely populated regions?

dry, wet, cold, and high lands

define characteristics for dry lands

* too dry for farming
* cover about 20% of earths land surface
* deserts, lack water.
* largest desert is the Sahara

define characteristics for wet lands

* receive high levels of precipitation
* unfavorable for human life
* combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from soil, prevents growing crops

define characteristics for cold lands

* covered w/ ice or frozen to ground permanently
* have less perception then some deserts
* unsuitable for crops and animals

define characteristics for high lands

* few people live at high elevations
* mountains are steep, snowy, and sparsely settled

define total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

define infant mortality rate

the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year old

define life expectancy

measure the numbers of years a newborn is expected to live

define Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,00 people alive in the society

define Crude death rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 population

Define natural increase (NIR). Does it include migration?

the percentage by which a population grows in a year. Find by CBR minus CDR divided by 10

No.

How many people are added to the worlds population each year? When was the historic high and how many people were added?

80 million.

1989 w/ 87 million people

define a population pyramid

a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Can be used for demographics of a certain area and can be used to indicate development in a certain area

How many stages are there to the demographic transition model? are they low, moderate, or high growth?

Stage 1: low

Stage 2: high

Stage 3: moderate

Stage 4: low

\*\*\* possible stage 5: very low, zero population growth

define the characteristics Demographic transition model

Stage 1: \*Low growth \n High but fluctuating CDR and CBR. Low NIR. Population composition is youth dependencyStage 2: \*high growth \n CBR remains high. CDR plummets due to improved nutrient, sanitation, and medication. NIR rapidly grows. Population composition on youth. \n \*MDS enters industrial revolution and 150 yrs later LDCs enter Medical revolution \n Stage 3: \*moderate growth \n CBR falling, CDR falling slowly, NIR increase slows, population composition, mostly youth-people surviving longer \n Stage 4: \* low growth \n CBR low, CDR low, NIR falls and stays at low growth, population composition, shifts to elderly \n \*women education-less babies

what is the demographic transition model used for?

analyze and predict trends in populations

what country is closet to stage 5 Demographic transition model? other examples

Japan

Germany and Russia

What is the Malthus theory?

States that the world will get wiped out by over population, starvation, and disease (mainly food)

What do neo-Malthusians claim?

* Point out that the amount of farmland is decreasing while the population is increasing


* global warming could interfere with food production
* both extensification and intensification of agriculture will lead to land degradation

What are criticisms on the Malthus theory?

1) factors that have slowed population growth

* birth control (contraceptives)
* education and advancement of women

2) factors that increased efficiency of farming

* mechanized farming
* hybrid seeds
* chemical fertilizers

define demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

define census

the complete counting of a population

Define dependency ratio

the number if people under the age 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people in the active labor force

what is Boserups claim?

food supply is impacted by population growth.

population increases= new development in technologies and increase production of food supply

What were the causes of death of each stage in the Epidemologic transition model?

stage 1: infectious diseases (cholera, tuberculosis), pandemics/epidemics, animal attacks and accidents, malnutrition

stage 2: receding pandemics due to medical advancements, etc. (industrial revolution)

stage 3: degenerative and human-made diseases (cancer, aging lifestyle choices, heart diseases)

stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases (medical advancements, Alzheimer’s)

Stage 5: reemergence of infectious diseases. (covid, ebola)

what is the epidemiologic transition?

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

define epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

define ecumene

the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement

define the industrial revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

what are the 4 stages of the industrial revolution? describe each

First: before the 1870s

\-Mechanical production, railroads, steam, power

2nd: 1870s-first half on 20th century

\-development of standardized production process and mechanized assembly lines, reducing work to simple steps

3rd: last half of 20th century

\-Automated production, electronics, and computers

4th: now

\-artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, and more to come

What are the 3 largest automakers in the US and Canada?

General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler

define the Medical revolution

medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Enabled people to live longer and healthier

define a sex ratio

the number of males per 100 females in a population

define migration

form of relocation diffusion involving permanent movement to a new location

define mobility

all types of movement from one location to another

define circulation

constant, short term, repetitive movements by an individual

define emigration

migration away from a country

define net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants. Net in and net out migration

define counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs

what are the reasons for migration? examples?

due to push and pull factors of..

economic: (push:low wages, pull job opportunities)

political: (push:war, discrimination,repressive laws, pull: peace, asylum)

social/ demographic:( push: racism, gender roles, slavery pull: more freedom, less prejudice, familiarity/kindness

natural: (push: natural disaster, crop failure, pull: desirable climate and landscape)

what are push factors?

negative events that push people to move away

what are pull factors?

positive conditions of a location encourging others to move there.

define intervening obstacle

barriers that hold back migrants back from continuing to travel

define intervening opportunity

opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily to sop traveling

define asylum

political migrants that move due to fear of oppressions and may be in danger due to political views and are granted protection in accepting countries

define brain drain

large scale emigration by talented people

Define internal migration. The 2 types?

the permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional migration and Intraregional migration

define international migration. The 2 types?

the permanent movement with a particular country

voluntary and forced migration.