Psych. Ch. 6 (Learning and Behavior)

Backward Conditioning

US presented before NS

Behavior Analysis

Explore laws/principles govern behavior/behavior tech development

Behavior Analysts focus on

Behavior Analysis POV

Behavior Trap

Two people’s unwanted behavior maintained by both positive/neg. reinforcement.

Behaviorism

Observe behavior → find out how environment influences behavior (John Watson)

Classical Conditioning

Inherited behavior triggered by environ. event w/new stimulus

Conditioned Response (CR)

Caused by CS. (Dogs salivate after training)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Stimulus that now causes reaction

Contiguity

Close together in time/space

Contingency

One event predicts another event

Delayed Conditioning

NS presented before US while NS still present

Differential Reinforcement

Problem behavior extinct w/ pos. reinforcement

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible (DRI)

Behavior CAN’T happen same time as problem behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Other (DRO)

Organism reinforcement when NOT doing problem behavior

Discrimination

Behavior happens w/stimuli during training/ NOT w/o stimuli

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative (DRA)

Behavior reinforcement produce same as problem behavior

Discriminative Stimuli

Before behavior/gives info about consequences

Generalization

CR seen w/stimuli NOT present during training

Introspection

Ask people abt internal experiences

Negative Punisher

Remove event → behavior that removed event happening again DECREASES

Negative Reinforcer (NR)

Remove Event → behavior that removed event happening again INCREASES

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Stimulus causes no reaction (Black liquid to dogs → no salvation)

Operant Conditioning

Behavior/environmental changes relationship

Positive Reinforcer

Event causes INCREASE of behavior happening again

Positive Punisher

Behavior produced event/causes DECREASE of behavior happening again

Reflex

Automatic behavioral response

Respondent Behavior

Inherited behavior directly caused by specific stimulus

Respondent Extinction

Dogs stop salivating to bell due no prediction of meat display.

Resurgence

Old behavior shows up again after new behavior extinction

Sailience

How noticeable NS is to organism

Schedules of Reinforcement (3 kinds)

Continuous/Extinction/Intermittent

Simultaneous Conditioning

US and CS presented same time

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of CS after time passage since last extinction trial

Learning

Organism behavior changes due environment changes produced by said behavior. (Behavior → Environment change → Behavior Change)

ABC’s of behavior

Antecedents/Behavior/Consequences

Antecedents

Stimuli/events before behavior

Behavior

Organism’s private/public actions

Consequences

Environment changes occur AFTER behavior

Watson’s 3 main points

1. Inherited/learned behaviors help adjust to environment

2. Stimuli/Responses relationship

3. Study of Behavior FINAL objective instead of indirect measure

Respondent Behavior

Inherited behavior directly caused by stimulus (ex: pupils constrict due bright light)

Trace Conditioning

NS presented/removed before US. NO OVERLAP

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules include

Fixed ratio/interval. Variable ratio/interval