physio - physiological tissues

tissues

• group of cells that is functionally similar if not the same

• they perform a functionally distinct roles

histology

branch of life sciences that focuses on the tissue level of organization

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

4 major classifications of tissue

epithelial tissue

• surfaces of internal anatomy and select external anatomy

• forms the wall of all parts of the human body

• semi permeable membrane for absorption and release of waste

cornea of the eye, lips, anus

epithelial tissues that are not part of the skin

simple, stratified, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

classification of epithelium: layers

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

SIMPLE: shape of cells

squamous, non-keratinized (moist), keratinized, cuboidal and columnar (very rare)

STRATIFIED: shape of cells

columnar

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR: shape of cells

roughly cuboidal and columnar

TRANSITIONAL: shape of cells

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, ciliated pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, transitional, glandular

types of epithelial tissues

simple squamous epithelium

lining of oral and anal cavity

simple squamous epi

1. structure: single layer, flat and hexagonal

2. function: diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction

3. location: lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, body cavities

single layer, flat and hexagonal

structure of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction

function of simple squamous epithelium

lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, body cavities

location of simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

lining of ducts that can perform secretions well

simple cuboidal epithelium

1. structure: single layer, cubed shaped, some has microvilli and cilia

2. function: secretions and absorption by cells of kidney tubules, glands and choroid plexus

3. location: kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexus

single layer, cubed shaped, some has microvilli and cilia

structure of simple cuboidal epithelium

secretions and absorption by cells of kidney tubules, glands and choroid plexus

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexus

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

lining of gastrointestinal tract for absorption of nutrients

simple columnar epithelium

1. structure: single layer, tall narrow cells, some has cilia, auditory and uterine tubes

2. function: movement of particles out of bronchioles

3. location: bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, lining of stomach intestines

single layer, tall narrow cells, some has cilia, auditory and uterine tubes

structure of simple columnar epithelium

movement of particles out of bronchioles

function of simple columnar epithelium

bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, lining of stomach intestines

location of simple columnar epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

undifferentiated columns of tall epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

1. structure: single layer, some are tall and thin and can reach the free surface but others cannot

2. function: synthesize and secrete mucus

3. location: lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea

single layer, some are tall and thin and can reach the free surface but others cannot

structure of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

synthesize and secrete mucus

function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea

location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers that serve multiple functions in skin

stratified squamous epithelium

1. structure: several layers, cuboidal in basal layer but progressively flattened, retains a nucleus and cytoplasm, protein - keratin

2. function: protects against abrasion, reduces loss of water

3. location: keratinized - outer layer of skin ; non-keratinized - mouth, trachea, larynx

several layers, cuboidal in basal layer but progressively flattened, retains a nucleus and cytoplasm, protein - keratin

structure of stratified squamous epithelium

protects against abrasion, reduces loss of water

function of stratified squamous epithelium

keratinized - outer layer of skin ; non-keratinized - mouth, throat, larynx

location of stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium

can stretch depending on the shape of the organ

transitional epithelium

1. structure: stratified that appear cuboidal when not stretched by fluid

2. function: accommodates fluctuations of fluid and protects against coustic effects of urine

3. location: lining of urinary bladder, superior urethra, ureters

stratified that appear cuboidal when not stretched by fluid

structure of transitional epithelium

accommodates fluctuations of fluid and protects against coustic effects of urine

function of transitional epithelium

lining of urinary bladder, superior urethra, ureters

location of transitional epithelium

glandular epithelium

has 3 parts: merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

3 parts of glandular epithelium

merocrine

watery secretions: glandular epithelium

apocrine

oily secretions: glandular epithelium

holocrine

digestion of food (acid): glandular epithelium

connective tissues

for protection and connection - storage, support, transport of nutrients and wastes

loose, dense

connective tissues

areolar, adipose, reticular

loose connective tissue: shape of cells

loose connective

few fibers, more ground substance

dense connective

more fibers, less ground substance

collagenous, elastic

dense connective tissue: shape of cells

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

skeletal connective tissue: cartilage

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

muscular tissue 3 types

loose connective areolar tissue

made up of collagen and elastic fibers

loose connective areolar tissue

1. structure: fine network of fibers with few elastic (fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes)

2. function: loose packing, support, nourishment for structures

3. location: widely distributed in the body, packing between glands

fine network of fibers with few elastic (fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes)

structure of areolar tissue

loose packing, support, nourishment for structures

function of areolar tissue

widely distributed in the body, packing between glands

location of areolar tissue

elastic

allows the skin to be flexible

collagen

maintains the shape of the skin

stretchmarks, cellulites

loose skin in the body

stretchmarks

an evidence that collagen and elastic fibers are destroyed

loose connective adipose tissue

presence of fats (made up of cholesterol)

hormones

are derivatives of cholesterol

menopause

imbalance of hormones

loose connective reticular tissue

are located on the organs where we see WBC

wbc

last defense of the body against a pathogen

reticular tissues

are active and full of WBC

dense regular collagenous

rubbery, very uniform in shape and color, stabilizes movement

dense regular collagenous

1. structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers (tendons and ligaments)

2. function: great pulling forces, tensile strength

3. location: tendons, ligaments, dermis

great pulling forces, tensile strength

function of dense regular collagenous

tendons, ligaments, dermis

location of dense regular collagenous

dense regular elastic

should be able to change but should be able to return

dense regular elastic

1. structure: same as collagenous, runs in connective tissues or blood vessel walls

2. function: rubberband

3. location: vertebrae and true vocal cords

rubberband

function of dense regular elastic

vertebrae and true vocal cords

location of dense regular elastic

hyaline cartilage

can be found in the terminal end of the bones

hyaline cartilage

1. doesn’t need flexibility

2. function: to prevent friction and act as gravity

osteoarthritis

lack of hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

contains so thin collagen fibers, can be seen in vertebra, very less flexible

fibrocartilage

1. structure: similar to hyaline

2. function: capable of great pressure

3. location: intervertebral disks, knees, temporomandibular joints

capable of great pressure

function of fibrocartilage

intervertebral disks, knees, temporomandibular joints

location of fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

1. structure: contains matrix fibers

2. function: provides more rigidity even more flexibility than hyaline, returns to its og shape after being stretched

3. location: external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes

external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes

location of elastic cartilage

bone

1. structure: hard bony matrix

2. function: provides great strength and support, protects internal organs, attachment site for muscles and ligaments

3. location: all bones of the body

provides great strength and support, protects internal organs, attachment site for muscles and ligaments

function of skeletal connective bones

blood

1. structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix

2. function: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and waste products

3. location: within the blood vessels

rbc

delivers nutrients in the body specifically oxygen

wbc

serves as a defense against infection

platelets

associated with blood clotting and wound repair

skeletal muscle

muscles that are always connected with bones

skeletal muscle

voluntary control

cardiac and smooth

involuntary control

skeletal muscle

1. structure: striated, cells are long, large and cylindrical, many nuclei

2. function: movement of the body

3. location: attached in the bone

cardiac muscle

striations are voluntary but it is uncontrollable

cardiac muscle

1. structure: single nucleus, cylindrical and striated, branched by intercalated disks

2. function: pumps the blood under involuntary control

3. location: heart

smooth muscle

does not have striations, c-structure shape

smooth muscle

1. structure: are tapered at each end, single nucleus

2. function: controls the amount of light entering the eye, produces “goosebumps”

3. location: stomach and intestine, skin and eyes