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tissues
group of cells that is functionally similar if not the same
they perform a functionally distinct roles
histology
branch of life sciences that focuses on the tissue level of organization
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
4 major classifications of tissue
epithelial tissue
surfaces of internal anatomy and select external anatomy
forms the wall of all parts of the human body
semi permeable membrane for absorption and release of waste
cornea of the eye, lips, anus
epithelial tissues that are not part of the skin
simple, stratified, pseudostratified columnar, transitional
classification of epithelium: layers
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
SIMPLE: shape of cells
squamous, non-keratinized (moist), keratinized, cuboidal and columnar (very rare)
STRATIFIED: shape of cells
columnar
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR: shape of cells
roughly cuboidal and columnar
TRANSITIONAL: shape of cells
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, ciliated pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, transitional, glandular
types of epithelial tissues
simple squamous epithelium
lining of oral and anal cavity
simple squamous epi
structure: single layer, flat and hexagonal
function: diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction
location: lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, body cavities
single layer, flat and hexagonal
structure of simple squamous epithelium
diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection against friction
function of simple squamous epithelium
lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, body cavities
location of simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
lining of ducts that can perform secretions well
simple cuboidal epithelium
structure: single layer, cubed shaped, some has microvilli and cilia
function: secretions and absorption by cells of kidney tubules, glands and choroid plexus
location: kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexus
single layer, cubed shaped, some has microvilli and cilia
structure of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretions and absorption by cells of kidney tubules, glands and choroid plexus
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, glands and ducts, choroid plexus
location of simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
lining of gastrointestinal tract for absorption of nutrients
simple columnar epithelium
structure: single layer, tall narrow cells, some has cilia, auditory and uterine tubes
function: movement of particles out of bronchioles
location: bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, lining of stomach intestines
single layer, tall narrow cells, some has cilia, auditory and uterine tubes
structure of simple columnar epithelium
movement of particles out of bronchioles
function of simple columnar epithelium
bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, lining of stomach intestines
location of simple columnar epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
undifferentiated columns of tall epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
structure: single layer, some are tall and thin and can reach the free surface but others cannot
function: synthesize and secrete mucus
location: lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea
single layer, some are tall and thin and can reach the free surface but others cannot
structure of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
synthesize and secrete mucus
function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea
location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers that serve multiple functions in skin
stratified squamous epithelium
structure: several layers, cuboidal in basal layer but progressively flattened, retains a nucleus and cytoplasm, protein - keratin
function: protects against abrasion, reduces loss of water
location: keratinized - outer layer of skin ; non-keratinized - mouth, trachea, larynx
several layers, cuboidal in basal layer but progressively flattened, retains a nucleus and cytoplasm, protein - keratin
structure of stratified squamous epithelium
protects against abrasion, reduces loss of water
function of stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized - outer layer of skin ; non-keratinized - mouth, throat, larynx
location of stratified squamous epithelium
transitional epithelium
can stretch depending on the shape of the organ
transitional epithelium
structure: stratified that appear cuboidal when not stretched by fluid
function: accommodates fluctuations of fluid and protects against coustic effects of urine
location: lining of urinary bladder, superior urethra, ureters
stratified that appear cuboidal when not stretched by fluid
structure of transitional epithelium
accommodates fluctuations of fluid and protects against coustic effects of urine
function of transitional epithelium
lining of urinary bladder, superior urethra, ureters
location of transitional epithelium
glandular epithelium
has 3 parts: merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
3 parts of glandular epithelium
merocrine
watery secretions: glandular epithelium
apocrine
oily secretions: glandular epithelium
holocrine
digestion of food (acid): glandular epithelium
connective tissues
for protection and connection - storage, support, transport of nutrients and wastes
loose, dense
connective tissues
areolar, adipose, reticular
loose connective tissue: shape of cells
loose connective
few fibers, more ground substance
dense connective
more fibers, less ground substance
collagenous, elastic
dense connective tissue: shape of cells
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
skeletal connective tissue: cartilage
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
muscular tissue 3 types
loose connective areolar tissue
made up of collagen and elastic fibers
loose connective areolar tissue
structure: fine network of fibers with few elastic (fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes)
function: loose packing, support, nourishment for structures
location: widely distributed in the body, packing between glands
fine network of fibers with few elastic (fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes)
structure of areolar tissue
loose packing, support, nourishment for structures
function of areolar tissue
widely distributed in the body, packing between glands
location of areolar tissue
elastic
allows the skin to be flexible
collagen
maintains the shape of the skin
stretchmarks, cellulites
loose skin in the body
stretchmarks
an evidence that collagen and elastic fibers are destroyed
loose connective adipose tissue
presence of fats (made up of cholesterol)
hormones
are derivatives of cholesterol
menopause
imbalance of hormones
loose connective reticular tissue
are located on the organs where we see WBC
wbc
last defense of the body against a pathogen
reticular tissues
are active and full of WBC
dense regular collagenous
rubbery, very uniform in shape and color, stabilizes movement
dense regular collagenous
structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers (tendons and ligaments)
function: great pulling forces, tensile strength
location: tendons, ligaments, dermis
great pulling forces, tensile strength
function of dense regular collagenous
tendons, ligaments, dermis
location of dense regular collagenous
dense regular elastic
should be able to change but should be able to return
dense regular elastic
structure: same as collagenous, runs in connective tissues or blood vessel walls
function: rubberband
location: vertebrae and true vocal cords
rubberband
function of dense regular elastic
vertebrae and true vocal cords
location of dense regular elastic
hyaline cartilage
can be found in the terminal end of the bones
hyaline cartilage
doesn’t need flexibility
function: to prevent friction and act as gravity
osteoarthritis
lack of hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
contains so thin collagen fibers, can be seen in vertebra, very less flexible
fibrocartilage
structure: similar to hyaline
function: capable of great pressure
location: intervertebral disks, knees, temporomandibular joints
capable of great pressure
function of fibrocartilage
intervertebral disks, knees, temporomandibular joints
location of fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
structure: contains matrix fibers
function: provides more rigidity even more flexibility than hyaline, returns to its og shape after being stretched
location: external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes
external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes
location of elastic cartilage
bone
structure: hard bony matrix
function: provides great strength and support, protects internal organs, attachment site for muscles and ligaments
location: all bones of the body
provides great strength and support, protects internal organs, attachment site for muscles and ligaments
function of skeletal connective bones
blood
structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix
function: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and waste products
location: within the blood vessels
rbc
delivers nutrients in the body specifically oxygen
wbc
serves as a defense against infection
platelets
associated with blood clotting and wound repair
skeletal muscle
muscles that are always connected with bones
skeletal muscle
voluntary control
cardiac and smooth
involuntary control
skeletal muscle
structure: striated, cells are long, large and cylindrical, many nuclei
function: movement of the body
location: attached in the bone
cardiac muscle
striations are voluntary but it is uncontrollable
cardiac muscle
structure: single nucleus, cylindrical and striated, branched by intercalated disks
function: pumps the blood under involuntary control
location: heart
smooth muscle
does not have striations, c-structure shape
smooth muscle
structure: are tapered at each end, single nucleus
function: controls the amount of light entering the eye, produces “goosebumps”
location: stomach and intestine, skin and eyes