Studied by 20 peopleStates
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community; a state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states
Nations
a term encompassing all the citizens of a state; a tightly knit group of people having bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes
Nation-States
a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form
Stateless Nation
nations that do not have a state
Autonomous Region
sections of a nation that have a degree of independence in several issues
Semi-Autonomous Region
largely self-governing within a larger political or organizational entity
Sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Self Determination
the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government
Multinational States
a multinational state is a sovereign state, which is viewed as comprising two or more nations
Multistate Nations
a nation that stretches across borders and across states
Eastern Europe Shatterbelt
contains numerous impoverished, underdeveloped, and weak states sandwiched between the powerful global rivals of Russia and the West; it is also a zone where various religions and ethnicities mix
Korea and Vietnam Shatterbelt
these states were stuck in the fight between the democratic West and the communist Asia
Relic Boundary
a boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape; it no longer exists as an international boundary; Ex. Berlin Wall
Superimposed Boundary
a boundary that has been imposed on an area by an outside or conquering power; this boundary ignores the cultural organizations on this landscape; Ex. China and Vietnam boundary
Geometric Boundary
a boundary that is formed by one or more straight lines and/or arcs; Ex. U.S.-Canada border
Antecedent Boundary
a boundary that was drawn before the cultural landscape emerged and before a large population was present; Ex. U.S.-Canada border
Subsequent Boundary
a boundary that is established during the process of intensive settlement; Ex. Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland Boundary
Consequent Boundary
a boundary created to accommodate a region's cultural diversity; Ex. India and Pakistan boundary
Territorial Waters
the area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction; 12 nautical miles out
Contiguous Zone
between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources
Purpose of the U.S. Census
tells us who we are and where we are going as a nation, and helps our communities determine where to build everything; it helps the government decide how to distribute funds and assistance to states and localities; data collected includes deaths, births, age, sex, etc.
Gerrymandering
the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for benefiting the party in power
How does the census affect the House of Representatives?
determines how many representatives a state has
Reapportionment
the reassignment of representatives proportionally among the states in accordance with changes in population distribution
Redistricting
to revise legislative districts
Federal States
tend to have more locally based, dispersed power centers
Unitary States
tend to have a more top-down, centralized form of governance
Federal States Advantages
reduces conflict between regions that differ on civil and political issues, more room for diversity, and encourages more political issues
Unitary State Disadvantages
can become disconnected from local areas and lose touch with issues of people living there, tend to favor politically or culturally dominant group, and policies tend to serve the needs of the region adjacent to the capital or where ruling elites reside
How are Federal and Unitary states different?
government authority: power is shared between central and local governments in federal states and central government has most of the power in unitary states
How are Unitary and Federal States alike?
both administer day-to-day operations of governance with the national government having final authority and local divisions of governance have some degree of power
Devolution
the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
How was Spain devolved?
economically and culturally
How was Belgium devolved?
culturally
How was Canada devolved?
culturally
How was Nigeria devolved?
culturally
Supranationalism
the idea or practice of separate national governments coming together to form institutions and/or create policies that have authority or jurisdiction over the member nations
United Nations
maintains international peace and security (political)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
safeguard each member's freedom and security through political and military means (political)
EU (European Union)
promote peace (political)
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development within the region (economical and social)
Arctic Council
promotes cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States (political)
African Union
organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty (economical and political)
Centrifugal Force
forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
Centripetal Forces
forces that tend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives and a common faith
Scale of Analysis
representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction; can be at different levels, e.g. global, state, regional, local, subnational, county etc
Arithmetic Density
the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area; the figure is derived by dividing the population of the area unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit
Physiological Density
the number of people per unit area of arable land
Agricultural Density
the number of farmers per unit area of arable land
Population Distribution
description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live
Guest Workers
foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country
Push Factor
negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale
Pull Factor
positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
Contagious Diffusion
the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person
Hierarchical Diffusion
a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples
Stimulus Diffusion
a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created because of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
How does popular culture diffuse?
hierarchical diffusion
Cultural Landscape
combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns
Assimilation
the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture; Ex. Immigrants adapting to new places of residences
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