AP Human Unit 4 Test Review

States

a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community; a state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states

Nations

a term encompassing all the citizens of a state; a tightly knit group of people having bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes

Nation-States

a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form

Stateless Nation

nations that do not have a state

Autonomous Region

sections of a nation that have a degree of independence in several issues

Semi-Autonomous Region

largely self-governing within a larger political or organizational entity

Sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

Self Determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

Multinational States

a multinational state is a sovereign state, which is viewed as comprising two or more nations

Multistate Nations

a nation that stretches across borders and across states

Eastern Europe Shatterbelt

contains numerous impoverished, underdeveloped, and weak states sandwiched between the powerful global rivals of Russia and the West; it is also a zone where various religions and ethnicities mix

Korea and Vietnam Shatterbelt

these states were stuck in the fight between the democratic West and the communist Asia

Relic Boundary

a boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape; it no longer exists as an international boundary; Ex. Berlin Wall

Superimposed Boundary

a boundary that has been imposed on an area by an outside or conquering power; this boundary ignores the cultural organizations on this landscape; Ex. China and Vietnam boundary

Geometric Boundary

a boundary that is formed by one or more straight lines and/or arcs; Ex. U.S.-Canada border

Antecedent Boundary

a boundary that was drawn before the cultural landscape emerged and before a large population was present; Ex. U.S.-Canada border

Subsequent Boundary

a boundary that is established during the process of intensive settlement; Ex. Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland Boundary

Consequent Boundary

a boundary created to accommodate a region's cultural diversity; Ex. India and Pakistan boundary

Territorial Waters

the area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction; 12 nautical miles out

Contiguous Zone

between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources

Purpose of the U.S. Census

tells us who we are and where we are going as a nation, and helps our communities determine where to build everything; it helps the government decide how to distribute funds and assistance to states and localities; data collected includes deaths, births, age, sex, etc.

Gerrymandering

the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for benefiting the party in power

How does the census affect the House of Representatives?

determines how many representatives a state has

Reapportionment

the reassignment of representatives proportionally among the states in accordance with changes in population distribution

Redistricting

to revise legislative districts

Federal States

tend to have more locally based, dispersed power centers

Unitary States

tend to have a more top-down, centralized form of governance

Federal States Advantages

reduces conflict between regions that differ on civil and political issues, more room for diversity, and encourages more political issues

Unitary State Disadvantages

can become disconnected from local areas and lose touch with issues of people living there, tend to favor politically or culturally dominant group, and policies tend to serve the needs of the region adjacent to the capital or where ruling elites reside

How are Federal and Unitary states different?

government authority: power is shared between central and local governments in federal states and central government has most of the power in unitary states

How are Unitary and Federal States alike?

both administer day-to-day operations of governance with the national government having final authority and local divisions of governance have some degree of power

Devolution

the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

How was Spain devolved?

economically and culturally

How was Belgium devolved?

culturally

How was Canada devolved?

culturally

How was Nigeria devolved?

culturally

Supranationalism

the idea or practice of separate national governments coming together to form institutions and/or create policies that have authority or jurisdiction over the member nations

United Nations

maintains international peace and security (political)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

safeguard each member's freedom and security through political and military means (political)

EU (European Union)

promote peace (political)

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development within the region (economical and social)

Arctic Council

promotes cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States (political)

African Union

organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty (economical and political)

Centrifugal Force

forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

Centripetal Forces

forces that tend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives and a common faith

Scale of Analysis

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction; can be at different levels, e.g. global, state, regional, local, subnational, county etc

Arithmetic Density

the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area; the figure is derived by dividing the population of the area unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

Physiological Density

the number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

the number of farmers per unit area of arable land

Population Distribution

description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live

Guest Workers

foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country

Push Factor

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale

Pull Factor

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Contagious Diffusion

the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

Hierarchical Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples

Stimulus Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created because of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

How does popular culture diffuse?

hierarchical diffusion

Cultural Landscape

combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns

Assimilation

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture; Ex. Immigrants adapting to new places of residences