ANSC 221 Nutrition Exam 1

Who had the idea for the single plant feeding experiment which stimulated the Golden Age of Nutrition?

Dr. Stephan Babcock

Who is called the Father of Nutrition and is credited with recognizing “Life is a chemical process”?

Antoine Lavoisier

List the 6 classes of nutrients 

water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals 

What property of water makes it so useful for transporting nutrients and as a medium for chemical reactions?

High dielectric constant 

What property of water is operating when an animal is cooled by sweating? 

High latent heat of vaporization

What are 3 general (different) sources of water for animals? 

Drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water 

Which nutrient class contains the most energy per gram? 

Fats 

Which nutrient class comprises most of livestock diets (excluding water)?

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates and fats are composed of the same ELEMENTS; what is the difference in elemental composition that partly explains difference in energy content?  

Fats contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates, leaving more carbon and hydrogen relatively, to oxidize to produce energy. 

Carbohydrates are composed of what kinds of MOLECULES? 

sugars 

What is the function of carbohydrates IN THE DIET? To supply…

energy 

What is/are the functions of fat in the diet?

supply essential fatty acids and store energy

Proteins are composed of what kinds of MOLECULES?

amino acids

What are the function(s) for protein IN THE DIET? 

First to supply amino acids to the body so the cells can produce protein, and if in excess, to supply energy. 

Distinguish between true protein (protein that is really protein) and Crude Protein? 

True protein is composed of amino acids connected together by peptide bonds in complex molecules, while Crude Protein is our estimate of that, based on nitrogen content. 

Which of the following is a pentose?

ribose

What are the 2 main concerns about feeding antibiotics?

Antibiotic residues remaining in animal tissue, and microbial resistance to antibiotics.

Monosaccharide that cellulose is composed of

glucose

Substance in protein used to distinguish protein from starch and cellulose. 

nitrogen 

Form of starch in plants with a straight-chain structure 

amylose 

Substance in plants that animals cannot digest without microbial help:

cellulose

Table sugar

sucrose

Form of polysaccharide stored in animals

glycogen

Indigestible substance in crude fiber that interferes with digestion of other nutrients

lignin

Monosaccharide that starch is composed of

glucose

Milk sugar

lactose

What is the difference between starch between starch and cellulose? Discuss the structure, not only digestibility. 

Starch is all glucose connected by alpha bonds and cellulose is glucose connected by beta bonds, making huge difference in characteristics and digestibility. 

Destroyed by thiaminase

Thiamin

1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol is the active form

vitamin D

Vitamin that is part of acetyl-Coenzyme A and a deficiency symptom is goose stepping in pigs: 

Pantothenic acid 

Part of the “flavoproteins” necessary in intermediary metabolism

Riboflavin

Cyanocobalamine

vitamin B12

Retinol is an active form

vitamin A

Interacts with Selenium to act as biological antioxidant 

vitamin E

Prevents xeropthalmia and night blindness

vitamin A

L-ascorbic acid

vitamin C

Vitamin that acts as a methyl donor (making it unlike other vitamins), and is added to sow’s diets to help maximize litter size

Choline

D-alpha-tocopherol

vitamin E

Vitamin necessary for the blood to clot

vitamin K

Forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine

vitamin B6

Vitamin that prevents perosis in birds and increases litter size in pigs

Choline

Deficiency can result in errors of neutral tube closure, like spina bifida

Folic acid

Vitamin that prevents rickets

vitamin D

Prevents night blindness

vitamin A

What vitamin is not required in the diet of any of our farm animals?

vitamin C

Carotene is the precursor

Vitamin A

Deficiency causes pernicious anemia

vitamin B12

Phyloquinone is the natural form, menadione is a synthetic form

vitamin K

Helps protect membranes and prevents exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia and other disorders

vitamin E

Formed by sunlight on the skin

vitamin D

Vitamin that can be interfered with by avidin in raw egg white, which would result in skin lesions

Biotin 

Helps carry oxygen to the tissue as part of hemoglobin

Iron

Toxic in raw rock phosphate

Fluorine

Supplemented to young pigs on cement to prevent anemia 

Iron 

Mineral present in Vitamin B12

Cobalt 

Prevents parakeratosis 

Zinc

Part of the hormone thyroxine, which controls basal metabolic rate

Iodine 

Sometimes fed at levels up to 250 ppm to achieve an antibiotic-like growth response in pigs

Copper

The greatest pollution problem in livestock waste if it gets into streams

Phosphorus

Prevents nutritional muscular dystrophy (stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease) and liver degeneration (sudden death in pigs)

Selenium 

Mineral that prevents perosis in chickens

Manganese

Low level in the blood in milk fever

Calcium

Cation we get from salt

Sodium 

Required, but very toxic in sheep, so only use mineral supplements for sheep low in this mineral

Copper

Prevents grass tetany

Magnesium

Oxalic acid added to a test tube would tie up this mineral so the blood would not clot

Calcium

sucrose = glucose + ?

fructose

lactose = glucose + ?

galactose

maltose = glucose + ?

glucose