Tree of Life (Gene 3000)

Bacteria

No nucleus

Prokaryotes

Most of biodiversity on earth

Only 27% of them have been dicovered

Found everwhere

Created respiration and photosynthesis

What is the most biodiversity on the earth?

Bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryotes (no nucelus)

Extreme extremophiles

About same size and appearance as bacteria

Though contains prokaryote and eukaryote features

Probably result of abundant horizontal gene transfer

No known viruses attack these organisms

What has the features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Archaea

Plants- Algae

Eukaryotes with chloroplasts

Not "natural" taxonomic group

Green algae (chlorophyta)

Mostly marine algae

Green algae (charophyta)

Mostly freshwater algae

Terrestrial plants probably evolved from common ancestor

Red algae (rhodophyta)

Mostly marine

Largest group of algae

Alternate between diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic stages

Sporophytic

Diploid system of plant or algae

Gametophytic

Haploid system of plant or algae

Brown algae (phaeophyta)

Mostly marine

Photosynthetic but independently

Photosynthesis from red algae ancestors

Dinoflagellates

Marine and freshwater plankton

Largely photosynthetic but combined with eating prey

Diatoms

Marine and freshwater plankton

Produce 20% oxygen on Earth

Photosynthetic (derived from red algae ancestors)

Is chlorophyta marine or freshwater?

Marine (green algae)

Is charophyta marine or freshwater?

Freshwater (green algae)

Is rhodophyta marine of freshwater?

Marine (red algae)

Is phaeophyta marine or freshwater?

Marine (brown algae)

Protists

Not real taxonomic group

Eukaryotes that aren't plant, animal, fungus

Unicellular or unicellular-colonial

No tissue formation

Important for human health

What taxonomic group does Giardia, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and Cryptosporidium fall into?

Protists (human disease vectors)

Plants- Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants (including algae)

Informal taxonomic group with:

Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts

Terrestrial

No true leaves

Alternation of generation, haploid is dominant form

Plants- Tracheophytes

Vascular plants

Have specialized tissue:

xylem for conducting water

ploem for conducting products of photosynthesis

Includes:

Clubmosses, Horsetails, Ferns and seeds

(gymnosperms and angiosperms)

What are the vascular plants' taxonomic group?

Tracheophytes

What are the non-vascular plants' taxonomic group?

Bryophtyes

What is the part of the plant that conducts water in vascular plants?

Xylem

What is the part of the plant that conducts products of photosynthesis in vascular plants?

Phloem

What taxonomic group are clubmosses, horsetails, and seeds (gymnosperms and angiosperms)?

These plant types are Tracheophytes

What taxonomic group includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts?

These plant types are Bryophytes

Plants- Spermatophytes

Seed plants

Divided broadly into unenclosed and enclosed seeds

Naked seed: Gymnosperm

Includes:

Cycads, Ginkos, Conifers and Gnetophytes

What taxonomic group are Cycads, Ginkos, Conifers and Gnetophytes?

Spermatophytes

Ascomycetes

Type of fungi

What does it mean to be monophyletic?

Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor, especially one not shared with any other group

Animals

Monophyletic group

Eukaryotes

Consume organic material (heterotrophs)

Breathe oxygen

Able to move

Reproduces sexually

Grows from blastula

Over 1.5 million species... 1 million are insects

Are animals monophyletic?

Yes

Which on the tree of life are able to move?

Animals

Basal animals

Lack bilateral symmetry

Includes Porifera, Cnetophora, Placozoan and Cnidaria

Porifera

Sponges do not have a nervous, digestive or circulatory system

Rely on maintaining constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen as well as to remove waste

First to branch off evolutionary tree from common ancestor of all animals

Sister group to all animals

What is the sister group to all animals?

Porifera

What is the group of sponges that doesn't have a nervous, digestive and circulatory system?

Porifera (nervous, digestive)

What group must use water constantly flowing through them to obtain food and expel waste?

Porifera (water flowing)

What was the first group to branch off evolutionarily and is the common ancestor to all animals?

Porifera (common ancestor)

Cnetophora

Comb jellies

Predatory, marine

Swim with cilia, largest animals to swim with cilia

Are cnetophora marine or freshwater?

Marine

Are cnetophora predatory or prey?

Predatory

What is the largest group of animals that use cilia?

Cnetophora

Placozoan

Simplest structure of all animals

Which is the simplest structure of all animals?

Placozoan

Fungi

Kingdom

Monophyletic group

Heterotrophs and no chloroplasts

Cell walls with chitin

Reproduce sexually and asexually

Complex sex (karyogymy)

Produce spores

What kingdom produces spores?

Fungi

Are fungi monophyletic or paraphyletic?

Monophyletic

Are fungi heterotrophs or homotrophs?

Heterotrophs

What type of sex do fungi do?

Complex sex (karyogymy)

What is karyogymy?

Fusion of the haploid nuclei to create a diploid nucleus

Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?

Both sexually and asexually actually

Basal animals (Cnidaria)

Includes jellyfish, corals and sea aneamone

Radially symmetric with one opening (for ingesting and

excretion) surrounded by tentacles bearing cnidocytes

Simple nervous system

Include coral

Colonial cnidarians that live in association

with a dinoflagellate alga (zooxanthellae)

What classification are coral?

Cnidaria

Are cnidaria symmetrical?

Yes. Radially symmetrical with one opening

How complex is a cnidaria nervous system?

Simple

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Ambulacraria

(animals: anal opening first formed: something different with larvae creation)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Ambulacraria: Hemachordata

Acorn worms

Closest extant relative to Chordata

(animals: anal opening first formed: something different with larvae creation: acorn worm)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Ambulacraria: Echinodermata

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers...

(animals: anal opening first formed: something different with larvae creation: radial symmetry)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata

Defined by notochord, a dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post anal tail

Do chordata have notochords?

Yes, they have notochords.

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Cephaelochordata

Lancelets, look like worms but are fish like

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores

Tunicates and vertebrates

What are tunicates?

Known as sea squirts, are barrel shaped, are plankton feeders

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Cyclostomata

Jawless fish, lapreys and hagfish, cyclo--> circle mouth

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata

Jawed vertebrates

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Chondrichthyes

Cartiligenous jawed vertebrate fish

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed vertebrate: cartiligenous)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii

Sharks, rays, skates, sawfish

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed: cartiligenous fish: shark/ray/skate/sawfish)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Osteichthytes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed: bony fish)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Osteichthytes: Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish--> most vertebrates=fish

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed: bony fish: ray finned fish)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Osteichthytes: Actinopterygii: Teleost

96% of all fish species

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed: bony fish: ray finned fish: protruding jaw face)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Olfatores: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Osteichthytes: Sarcopterygii

Lobe-finned fish

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: tunicates &vertebrates: jawed: bony fish: lobe-finned fish)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Anamniotes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs in water)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Anamniotes: Amphibians

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs in water: water and land dwelling animal)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Anamniotes: Amphibians: Anurans

Frogs

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs in water: water and land dwelling animal: tailless)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Anamniotes: Amphibians: Caudata

Salamander/newts (highest diversity in world is Southern Appalachian)

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs in water: water and land dwelling animal: tail)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Anamniotes: Amphibians: Caecilians

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs in water: ring shaped folds/worm-like)

What are protostomes?

Many invertebrates

What are deuterostomes?

Echnidorms and chordata

How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ in development?

Protostomes--> mouth then anus

Deuterostomes--> anus then mouth

What do chordates contain?

All of the birds, mammals, fish, reptiles

What are the two branches of Animalia: Basal animals?

Deuterostomes and Protostomes

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Sauropsid reptiles

Reptiles, some dinosaurs and birds

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: "mammal-like")

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: cold-blooded)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Tuatara

Tuatara looks like other reptiles but is a separate line

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: cold-blooded: "peaks on back")

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Squamates

Lizards, amphisbaenians, snakes (10,000 species)

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: cold-blooded: scaled)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Archosauria

Crocodile, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: cold-blooded: "ruling reptiles" )

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Testudines

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: cold-blooded: ribs attached to shell )

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Paleognaths

Ratites- ostriches, rheas, cassowaries, emus, kiwis, and tinamous

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "old jaw" [palate structure=old])

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone)

What is another name for paleognaths?

Ratites (mostly flightless birds)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Galliformes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone: heavy-bodied ground feeding bird [chicken-like])

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Anseriformes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone: waterfowl [duck-like])

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Strisores

Nightjars, oilbirds, potoos, frogmouths, swifts, hummingbirds

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone: weirdly fast metabolism)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Columbaves

Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, pigeons

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone:)

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Gruiformes

Rails and cranes

(animal: anal opening first formed: notochord [and the works]: 4 legged: lay eggs on land: reptile: "new jaw" and fused metacarpal bone: "crane-like")

Animalia: Deuterostomes: Chordata: Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles: Neognaths: Aequorlitornithes

Flamingos, grebes, many shorebirds, sunbittern, loons, penguins, herons, pelicans, storks