Psychology Exam 3 Review Flashcards

Flashcards for exam review.

What is a common criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

It is biased towards men

Which of the following psychologists believed in continuous development?

Vygotsky

Which of the following is not considered a teratogen?

Caffeine

What was the focus of Carol Gilligan’s work on moral development?

She pointed out differences in moral development between men and women

What age did Ericson believe our personality was fully developed?

He believed that our personalities were constantly developing throughout our lives

Which of the following is NOT typical for the period of life known as adolescence?

Having a steady, unchanging mood

True or False? A child will a healthy self-concept will be more successful and confident than a child without a healthy self-concept.

True

Which type of parenting style is the most common in the United States?

Authoritative

According to research, which age group is the happiest?

80-90

Which famous psychologist believed that the stages of cognitive development were vital to understanding learning?

Piaget

Vygotsky introduced the zone of proximal development. Which of the following is an example of how this might be used?

A child is able to multiply single digit numbers on their own. The teacher notices and shows the child how to start multiplying double digit numbers.

Harry Harlow did experiments on baby rhesus monkeys. He found that the babies were more attached to a source of comfort, than to a source of nourishment. What might this means for humans?

It is not enough to provide a baby food and shelter. Emotional attachment is also important.

Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory suggests that:

A parent's relationship with their child will influence their child's behavior

Freud's theory regarding development focused on which aspect of life?

Sexual development

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

Working a job to get a paycheck.

True or False: People with an internal locus of control are less satisfied with their lives than those with an external locus of control.

False

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of bulimia nervosa?

Extreme weight loss

According to research, which of the following is NOT a factor in motivation for community college students?

Whether the task seems to be well-organized.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a person's motivation depends on their:

Current circumstances

What is the Kinsey scale?

A scale of sexual orientation that illustrated the range of sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors among the population.

In order to have a healthy sex life, it is important for which two factors to be present?

The ability to have sex, and the motivation to have sex.

Which one of the following is NOT a concern about the use of BMI with individuals?

It has categorized most of Americans as having a healthy weight.

Which theory of motivation best applies to this scenario? Sadie has worked a long day. She is tired, so she lays down on the couch. She orders food from Door Dash because she is hungry.

Drive theory

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

Steve cleans his kitchen every night before he goes to bed because he likes waking up to a clean kitchen in the morning.

Which eating disorder has the highest fatality rate?

Anorexia nervosa

A person who has an external locus of control might respond to getting fired by:

Writing a nasty message to their boss about how they are a horrible manager.

Who was the first to observe and document the sexual response cycle?

Masters and Johnson

Which of the following would be symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

A weight that is far below average, extreme exercise, refusal to eat more than small amounts of food, preoccupation with being "overweight"

True or False: Your experience of emotions may differ depending on your background.

True

Fight or flight response happens when

A person faces a situation with an extreme (possibly fatal) stressor.

True or False: If you think positive thoughts, you will be happier

True

True or false: Studies have found no link between higher levels of anger and higher rates of heart attack

False

When looking at the relationship between stress and performance, which of the following provides the most accurate description?

A person's stress level is negatively related to their performance.

How does happiness relate to income?

Once you get to a certain level of income, your happiness does not really increase any more

True or False: Religious people tend to be less happy than non-religious people.

False

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

People who feel they are in control of their lives tend to be:

Happier

Which of the following has NOT been shown to reduce stress and improve mood?

Moderate Alcohol consumption

An example of eustress would be

Throwing a party for a friends birthday

Sandy used to love their job as a nurse, but lately they have been miserable. They have started snapping at their co-workers, ignoring their patients, and missing work more often. What might be happening to Sandy?

Job burnout

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome suggests that:

Long-term stressors can lead to serious illness and even death

A person who experiences extended periods of stress may also experience:

Higher incidence of illnesses and infections, as well as higher incidence of depression

An emotion-focused coping mechanism would be:

listening to happy music to improve your mood.

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Regression

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

Archetypes

____ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Heritability

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

Moving against people

In Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ___.

Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for ones personality tendencies is called selective ___.

Migration

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

____ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Trait

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

According to Galen, the ____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

The ____ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles.

Contemporized-Themes

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede others' success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ___ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ___ person.

phlegmatic

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ___ .

self-actualization

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the X refer?

extraversion

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ___ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

The Asch Effect would suggest that:

If several people in a class decide to get up and walk out in the middle, then most of the class would follow them.

What is self-serving bias?

I am responsible for my wins. I am not responsible for my losses.

In the Milgram classroom experiment, participants were told to administer electric shocks to strangers. This is an example of which aspect of social psychology?

Obedience

How does confirmation bias strengthen stereotypes and increase discrimination?

We see what we expect to see. This makes us think we are right.

What is something that psychologists learned from the Stanford prison experiment?

The power of social norms and scripts

Why might people want to believe the "Just-World Hypothesis?"

It gives them the comfort that life is fair.

Which of the following explanations would be an example of the theory of dispositionism?

Your boss screams at you about something that is not your fault. You explain your boss's behavior by concluding that they are just a jerk.

An example of cognitive dissonance is:

I know that I should not order DoorDash because I do not have enough money to pay my rent, but I do it anyway because I do not feel like cooking.

Mary is having a great day. She has just gotten a raise, and she found twenty dollars in her jacket pocket this morning. Typically, Mary is shy at work, but today she decided to bring in cupcakes and tell her co-workers how grateful she was for their support. What might explain Mary's behavior?

Situationism

Joining a group can be an important part of socialization. What makes someone more likely to join and remain in a group?

A group that is difficult to get into makes people want to join the group and remain in it

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?

I yell at my dog because he pooped on the carpet. I explain my actions to myself by saying that I am just stressed and overwhelmed. I see my neighbor yell at his dog. I think my neighbor must just be an angry guy.

Which of the following is part of your self-presentation? Choose all that apply.

Your hair, facial expression, shoes, and clothing

If you are trying to persuade someone to buy a product, which of the following tactics should you use? (Check all that apply)

Target people ages 18-25 because they are easier to persuade, Use an attractive spokesperson or model to sell the product, Use a loud, super high-energy commercial to sell the product, Use an expert spokesperson to sell the product

An example of a social norm would be:

a teacher who stands in the front of the classroom and provides instruction.

In general, social loafing suggests that:

Someone in a group project will put in less effort because they figure someone else will pick up the slack.

Which of the following is NOT true about dissociative disorders?

Antidepressants are a cure for dissociative disorders.

James is an intelligent child, but cannot seem to be successful in school. He has trouble focusing, he cannot follow multi-step directions, and he often acts impulsively. James is experiencing symptoms that suggest he may have:

ADHD

This category of disorders involves intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors that interfere with a person's everyday life.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Which of the following are risk factors of suicide? (Choose all that apply)

Withdrawing from social relationships, Alcoholism Selected Owning a gun, Knowing someone who has died by suicide

A person who lies, cheats, and hurts others without remorse may have which type of personality disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder

What might help a person who has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event avoid developing PTSD?

Leaning on friends and family for support.

Most psychologists agree on the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders which states that:

Psychological disorders are caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

True or False: People who suffer from personality disorders are likely to have suffered from childhood traumas.

True

What are the two diagnostic manuals that help psychologists and other healthcare practitioners diagnose and treat people with psychological disorders?

The DSM and the ICD.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is part of which larger category of psychological disorders?

Major depressive disorder

You are worried about your friend Alice. She has always been a quirky person, but lately things have become troubling. Alice has confided in you that she is hearing voices. The voices are telling her to do things like run red lights or climb up on her roof. Alice has also started have physical tics. For example, she often seems to be waving things away from her face. Which psychological disorder is Alice most likely suffering from based on these symptoms?

Schizophrenia

Jai and Tate have been in a relationship for three months. Jai recently broke up with Tate. Afterwards, Tate broke into Jai's apartment to show how much he cared about Jai. Jai threatened to call the cops, and Tate threatened to jump out the window. Tate left the apartment, smashing the tv on his way out. The next day, Tate sent Jai photos of him on a date with someone else. Jai tries to ignore Tate, but they only seems to make things worse. Which type of personality disorder might Tate have?

Borderline personality disorder

A person who flips over a table in a restaurant during a small argument might have which type of personality disorder?

Histrionic personality disorder

Which of the following is NOT true about anxiety disorders?

Approximately 5% of the population will suffer from an anxiety disorder in their lifetime.

Nat has recently started acting erratically. First, Nat quit his successful, high-profile job. Then, he suddenly went on a 1000 mile road trip. While he was gone, he married someone he just met. Now, Nat is back in town and has been in bed for weeks. Nat has also been known to abuse cocaine and alcohol. Although we cannot diagnose Nat from this profile, which disorder would help explain Nat's unpredictable behavior?

Bipolar disorder

How common is mental illness in the United States

It affects 1 in 5 adults

Why is cultural competence important for a therapist to be successful

A therapist needs to understand someone's background and culture in order to properly treat them

An example of exposure therapy would be: 

You are afraid of bridges. You start small by walking over a tiny bridge in the park. Slowly, you work up to the bigger bridges.

People with substance abuse disorders typically need what two interventions to successfully emerge from their addiction

Therapy and medication

Alex is an alcoholic. He also has anxiety. This is known as a:

Comorbidity

What percentage of people imprisoned in America are suffering from mental health disorders?

50%

How does cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) work

It works by changing a person's thoughts and behaviors in order to improve their life.