NYSTCE CST Multisubject Childhood 1st-6th Grade Part 1: Literacy

Orthography

ability to identify specific patterns of letters as words, leading to word recognition. Spelling, pronunciation, and meaning are all stored and can be accessed automatically

Semantics

meanings of words

Phonology

sounds of language

Morphology

word parts

syntax

the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences

Semantic relationships

how words relate to each other

-antonyms

-homonyms

-homophones

-homographs

-synonyms

-categories

Syntactic Processing

The ability to identify clauses, noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, adjectives, articles, nouns, and verbs, and assemble them all in a sentence that is syntactically acceptable.

metonyms

a word that is used as a substitute for something else that it is closely related

Antonyms

words that have opposite meanings

homophones

These are words that are pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

homonyms

Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings.

homographs

words that are spelled the same but have different meanings

Hyponyms

words that can be included in a larger, more general category

syntax rules

1. A complete sentence requires a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

2. Separate ideas generally require separate sentences.

3. English word order follows the subject-verb-object sequence.

4. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb—but it doesn't express a complete thought.

Morphemes

smallest unit of language that have semantic meaning

word structure knowledge

knowledge of different word stuctures

affix

prefix

root words

compound words

language structure knowledge

knowledge of different language structures

- recognizes fragments, comma splices, syntax errors, run-on sentences

- knowledge of parallelism

- evaluate correct placement of modifiers

Syllable Types

R controlled (bARn)

Vowel Team (ea, ai, ee, etc)

diphthong (oi, oy, oo, au, etc.)

open syllable

closed syllable

silent e

consonant le (-word ends in cle)

Dipthong

a word with 2 vowels next to each other that form a new vowel sound (Foil, boil, fool, etc)

vowel team

a word with two vowels, where the second vowel is silent and the first vowel makes its long sound (beach, foe, die, etc)

closed syllable

a syllable where a single vowel is followed by a consonant. usually a short vowel

open syllable

a syllable ending with a single vowel. usually a long vowel

Syllabication

The division of words into syllables

Automaticity

fast, effortless word recognition. Does not include expression

reading rate

words per minute

reading fluency

reading quick with expression

encoding

hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent it

decoding

seeing a symbol (letter) and making its sound

print concepts

letters

words

punctuation

directionality

phonological continuum

rhyming, alliteration, sentence segmenting, syllable blending, segmenting

Emergent reader

stage 1

6 months-6 years

During the initial phase of the reading development process children sample and learn from a full range of multiple sounds, words, concepts, images, stories, exposure to print, literacy materials, and just plain talk during the first five years of life.

Novice readers

stage 2

6-7years

During the second phase of the reading development process children are learning the relationships between letters and sounds and amongst printed and spoken words. The child begins to read stories with high-frequency words and phonically regular words and uses emerging skills and insights to "sound out" new one-syllable words.

decoding reader

stage 3

7-9 years

During the third phase of the reading development, process children are beginning to read familiar stories and text with increasing fluency. This is accomplished by consolidating the foundational decoding elements, sight vocabulary, and meaning in the reading of stories and selections that the child is already familiar with.

fluent, comprehending reader

stage 4

9-15 years

During the fourth phase of the reading development process, reading is used to acquire new ideas to gain new knowledge, to experience new feelings, to acquire new attitudes, and to explore issues from multiple perspectives. Reading includes the study of textbooks, reference works, trade books, newspapers, and magazines that contain new ideas and values, new vocabulary and syntax.

expert reader

stage 5

16 and up

During the fifth phase of the reading development process, the learner is reading from a wide range of advanced materials, both expository and narrative, with multiple viewpoints. Learners are reading broadly across the disciplines, including the physical, biological and social sciences as well as the humanities, politics and current affairs.

tall tale elements

he hero of the story is a super-human person who is often unusually large or strong.

The hero of the story believes he is a common man and uses ordinary language. He usually doesn't realize there is anything extraordinary about his behavior.

There is a problem that needs to be solved. The solution the hero comes up with is usually funny or outrageous.

Details of the story are exaggerated beyond belief. There is no doubt that the story is unreal.

Ballad Elements

song/poem

tells a story

love

happy ending

4 line stanzas

repeated lines

Epic characteristics

The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant

fable characteristics

Usually includes animal characters that stand for specific human qualities, such as kindness or dishonesty.

Has a moral that is directly stated at the end or indirectly communicated through what happens in the fable.

Folktale Characteristics

Include repetition, "threes," fast, vague setting, flat characters, symbolic of good vs. evil, rich language, imagery, themes of perseverance and "the little guy wins", clever/evil/good characters, magical powers/objects, transformations, wishes, trickery, universality

compare different versions of the same story to examine multiculturalism

determine points-of-view

encourage children to write their own versions

reader's theater/dramatization