N314.01 Promoting Health while traveling overseas & Protecting Patient Health and Safety

Treatment of Diarrhea and Dehydration:

1. Fluids and Electrolytes: Drink fluids and electrolytes to replace what's lost through diarrhea. This can be done with oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or by consuming clear fluids like water, broth, or electrolyte drinks.

2. Avoid Certain Foods: Stay away from foods and drinks that can worsen diarrhea, like caffeine, dairy, fatty foods, and high-fiber foods. Stick to bland foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.

3. Medications: In some cases, medications like antidiarrheal drugs may be used to manage symptoms, but they're not always recommended.

4. Get Help if Needed: If dehydration is severe, seek medical help right away. Signs include little to no urine, rapid heartbeat, sunken eyes, tiredness, and confusion.

How to make ORS

1/2 tsp salt

6 tsp sugar

Dissolve salt & sugar in 1 L of water

ADD ZINC

Vaccines for diarrhea

rotavirus and Typhoid

What is the most appropriate treatment for cholera

Oral Rehydration Therapy OR Intravenous Rehydration Therapy, depending on severity of symptoms.

What is yellow fever and how is it transmitted

RNA virus, and is transmitted by Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes

How is malaria transmitted

Anopheles mosquito

What is dengue fever (DENV) and how is it transmitted

virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.

What is west nile virus and how is it transmitted

virus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex

What is Chikungunya and how is it transmitted

virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

What is Zika virus and how is it transmitted

virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

Aedes Mosquito is known for:

Yellow fever, Dengue and Encephalitis + ZIKA

The Anopheles Mosquito is know for

Malaria

The Culex Mosquito is known for

Filariasis + West Nile virus

Parasites that cause Malaria:

genus Plasmodium (four main species affecthumans) Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, or P. malariae

Malaria prevention

mosquito avoidance measures and chemoprophylaxis, Education, Antimalarial Medications

mosquito avoidance measures

using a topical insect repellent, a permethrin-containing product may be applied to bed nets and clothing for additional protection against mosquitoes

mosquito avoidance measures

staying indoors during peak mosquito activity times, using screens on windows and doors, and avoiding stagnant water where mosquitoes breed

Antimalarial Medications

Chloroquine, atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline, and mefloquine.

These medications work by inhibiting the growth of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells of the body.

Education (malaria prevention)

just be educated where you're going to tbh, take meds as directed

Most "effective" malaria drug (according to the reading)

ARTEMISININ

Secretory (non inflammatory) diarrhea

Watery

No blood, mucous, pus

May have nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain

Usually no fever

Risks: contaminated food, travel, sick contacts, school/daycare

Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)

Cholera is characterized by acute, profuse watery diarrhea of one or a few days' duration (10x greater in children than adults)

Cholera Interventions: Control of outbreaks

Appropriate treatment of cholera patients, improvement of water and sanitation, and mobilizing communities

Award winning drug for parasites (roundworm)?

Ivermectin

What is onchocerciasis?

A disease transmitted by a blackfly that can cause blindness. Also known as river disease

Treatment for onchocerciasis

"River blindness"

Treat with Ivermectin

What countries are free of onchocerciasis

Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico

What is a Near Miss in the context of medical errors?

An error that results in no harm or very minimal patient harm.

Define Adverse Event in the context of medical errors.

Injury to a patient caused by medical management rather than an underlying condition of the patient (hospital fault).

What is an Accident in the context of medical errors?

An event that involves damage to a defined system that disrupts the ongoing or future output of the system.

What does Diagnostic Error refer to in medical errors?

Error or delay in diagnosis, failure to employ indicated tests, using outmoded tests or therapy, failure to act on results of monitoring or testing.

What does Treatment Error entail in medical errors?

Error in performance of an operation, procedure, or test, error in administering treatment, error in the dose or method of using a drug, avoidable delay in treatment or in responding to an abnormal test, inappropriate care.

What is a Preventive Error in the context of medical errors?

Failure to provide prophylactic treatment, inadequate monitoring or follow-up of treatment. Hospital-acquired/associated infections are preventive errors.

What are some examples of Other types of medical errors?

Failure of communication, equipment failure, other system failure.

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Patient Identification

Identify patients correctly using at least two identifiers (Name/DOB + wristband identifier)

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Blood Transfusion Safety

Ensure correct patients receive the correct blood during transfusions

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Staff Communication

Improve staff communication for better patient care

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Test Result Management

Ensure important test results reach the right staff person on time

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Medication Safety

Use medicines safely, label unlabeled medicines, and provide extra care for patients on blood thinners

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Medication Information Recording

Record and pass along correct information about a patient's medicines

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Alarm Safety

Use alarms safely and ensure timely response to alarms on medical equipment

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Infection Prevention

Follow hand cleaning guidelines, prevent difficult-to-treat infections, and avoid infections from central lines and UTI catheters

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Patient Safety Risk Identification

Identify patients at risk for suicide based on mental health, medical conditions, financial stress, social support, and hospital environment

2016 National Patient Safety Goals - Surgical Safety

Prevent surgical mistakes by correctly identifying patients, marking surgical sites, and pausing before surgery to prevent errors

Complex Adaptive Systems

systems that adapt and evolve in the process of interacting with dynamic environments