exercise 1-3

compound microscope

can magnify up to 1000 times

electron microscope

can magnify up to one million times

best light

is obtained from indirect sunlight, reflected from the clouds

natural light

• is available, the plane mirror is

  used to provide uniform illumination of the field

artificial light

• is provided, the concave mirror is employed to converge the light rays on

  the object being examined

condenser and diaphragm

are used to regulate the intensity and angle of illumination

16 mm

working distance for low power

4mm

working distance for high power

1.8 mm

working distance for oil immersion

arm

connects base and supports head

base

for support to carry microscope

light switch

to turn on and off

illuminator and iris diaphragm

Adjusting light level to increase contrast

Light/ Brightness Adjustment Knob and Illuminator (light source

To adjust and control the amount and intensity of light passing in the microscope

iris diaphragm

adjust the amount of light shining up through the specimen or regulates the amount of light passing through (squarish platform)

stage

platform where organisms are placed

stage clip

holds the slide in place

stage control

moves and control stage clips

Coarse adjustment knob

focus by raising or lowering stage

fine adjustment knob

sharpens image under all powers

Ocular lenses or Eyepiece

where you look through; can magnify specimen up to 10x

Revolving nosepiece

made of rubber; rotates objective lens

Parfocal lens

objectives can be changed with minimal or no refocusing

Working distance

the distance between the lens and the slide

Field

entire circle when viewing

10x

eyepiece magnification

10x

low power objective

40x

high power objective

100x

oil immersion objective

eyepiece x objective

formula for the size of object in focus

red

color for scanning

yellow

color for LPO

blue

color for HPO

black

color for oil immersion

ocular lens x objective lens

totally magnification formula

Candida albicans (purple)

• Normal flora found in the human digestive tract, mouth, vagina, etc.

• Opportunistic fungal pathogens. They are fungi specifically the yeast.

Candidiasis (Yeast infection

infection caused by candida albicans

Oval or spherical shaped, formed in clusters, and purple

morphology of candida albicans
(size, shape and color)

coccus, bacillus and spiral

The three basic morphology of bacteria

micrometers

measurement for bacteria

binary fission; cytokinesis

Bacteria multiply through __ an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (__), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.

Staphylococcus aureus

representative organism for staphylococci

Streptococcus pyogenes

representative organism for streptococci

Streptococcus pneumoniae

representative organism for diplococci

clusters or grape-like masses

morphology of staphylococci

chains

morphology of streptococci

divide to form pairs

morphology of diplococci

chains

Streptobacilli

pairs

Diplobacilli

v-shapes

Snapping

arranged side by side

Slipping

short, thick, oval-shaped bacilli

Coccobacilli

comma-shaped

Vibrio

spiral

Spirillum

Bacillus subtilis; gram stain (+)

Representative microorganisms and gram stain or acid fast:
Streptobacilli

Mycobacterium tuberculosis; acid fast stain (acid fast)

Representative microorganisms and gram stain or acid fast:
Diplobacilli

Escherichia coli ; gram stain (-)

Representative microorganisms and gram stain or acid fast:
coccobacilli

Vibrio cholerae; gram stain (-)

Representative microorganisms and gram stain or acid fast:
vibrio

Campylobacter jejuni; gram stain (-)

Representative microorganisms and gram stain or acid fast:
sporillum

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bacillus subtilis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - snapping

Escherichia coli

Vibrio cholerae

Campylobacter jejuni

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - slipping

dil. carbon fuchsin

simple staining: positive staining

indian ink method

simple staining: negative staining

hackers method

differential staining: gram staining

Ziehl-Neelsen’s method

differential staining: acid-fast staining

Wirtz-Conklin method

special staining: spore stain

Anthony’s method

special staining: capsule stain

leifson’s method

special staining: flagellar stain

Loeffler’s methylene blue

special staining: Metachromatic granules stain

Crystal violet (Primary Stain)

Gram’s iodine (Mordant)
Acetone alcohol (Decolorize)

Safranin (Counterstain)

order for gram staining

•  Dilute carbol fuchsin (Primary Stain)

• Acid alcohol (Decolorizer)

• Methylene blue (Counterstain)

acid-fast staining

Formalinized sputum

source of inoculum: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

stock culture

source of inoculum: Bacillus subtilis

E. coli and s. epidermis

bacteria for gram stain in exercise 3

b. subtillis and m. tuberculosis

bacteria for acid fast stain for exercise 3

negative

in exercise 3, E. coli is gram ?

positive

in exercise 3, S. epidermis is gram ?

positive

in exercise3, m. TB is acid fast ?

negative

in exercise 3, b. subtillis is acid fast ?

rod-shaped, small clumps, non acid fast

B. Subtilis morphology:
size, shape, arrangement and stain reaction

spherical, grape like clusters, gram positive

s. epidermis morphology:
size, shape, arrangement and stain reaction

rod shaped, heaps of small rods, acid-fast +

M. TB morphology:
size, shape, arrangement and stain reaction

rod shaped, singly or in pairs, gram negative

E. coli morphology:
shape, arrangement and stain reaction

•  Neisseria spp.

• Branhamella spp.

•  Moraxella spp.

•  Veillonella spp.

cocci: ALL are Gram positive (+), except for:

• ACID FAST ORGANISMS

  (Mycobacterium, Nocardia)

• SPOREFORMERS (Bacillus,

  Clostridium)

• Corynebacterium spp

bacilli: ALL are Gram negative (-), except for:

-

spiral: ALL SPIRILLUM are Gram ?

spirochete

are difficult to stain due to thin cell wells (unstainable)