TESTLET STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM #1 (CH 1-3)

hey y'all, i ended up taking the testlet review study guide and made them into flashcards for us to study for our exam, you're welcome!! :-D

Sociocultural Context

The physical, social, cultural, and historical circumstances that make up a child’s environment.

Preformationism

The belief that a tiny figure is curled up in the head of a sperm that gets bigger once it enters an egg.

What does SES stand for? Give two reasons how living in a lower SES may impact development.

Socioeconomic status; refers to social standing or class based on income, education, and occupation.

Living in a lower socioeconomic status (SES) can impact development by limiting access to quality healthcare and nutrition, leading to poorer physical health, and by increasing chronic stress due to financial instability, which can negatively affect cognitive development and mental well-being. 

Apoptosis

Selective death of certain cells.

Who believed that children are born with innate knowledge?

Plato

Neural Tube

Structure that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.

Teratogens

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development.

Fetal Contributions to Development

Ways a child contributes to their own development include initiating activity, interpreting experiences, and choosing friends.

Homozygous

Condition resulting from two identical alleles; one result of the dominant-recessive pattern.

Heterozygous

Condition resulting from two different alleles; another result of the dominant-recessive pattern.

Miscarry

What typically happens to embryos with severe defects that make further development impossible.

REM contributes to ___% of an infant’s total sleep time.

50%

Genotype

The genetic material an individual inherits.

Give three examples of fetal behavior.

• Moves limbs

• Wiggles fingers

• Grasps umbilical cord

• Yawns

• Backward somersaults. Pretty cool.

Synaptogenesis

The process when neurons form synapses with thousands of others.

Plasticity

The ability of the brain to possibly rewire after an injury.

Which hormone, if present, plays a crucial role in a fetus developing male genitalia?

Androgens/testosterone

Meiosis

Process through which gametes are produced.

Glial Cells

Cells in the brain that provide critical supportive functions.

Dose-response relation

When increased exposure to a teratogen increases fetal defects.

When the Inner Cell Mass is split in half, what kind of twins are created?

Identical Twins

Give 3 examples of teratogens that are hazards to fetus.

• Alcohol, cigarettes, & recreational drugs

• Medications

• Infections & viruses

• Environmental toxins, chemicals, or other physical agents

• Health conditions

Name the 4 lobes the cortex consists of

• occipital lobe

• temporal lobe

• parietal lobe

• frontal lobe

What about malnourishment impacts a child’s development?

Malnourished children tend to reduce their energy expenditure and withdraw from stimulation, making them quiet and passive in general, less responsive in social interactions, less attentive in school, and so on.

Name two things that leads to us being different from each other.

1. Genes

2. Treatment by others

3. Differences in reactions to similar experiences

4. Choice of environments

Give two ways in which a child contributes to their own development.

• Initiating activity in the womb

• Attentional patterns

• Use of language

• Play

• Interpreting their experiences

• Learning to regulate their behavior

• Eliciting different reactions from different people

• Choosing friends

What are the two results of the dominantrecessive pattern?

• Homozygous

• Heterozygous