Chapter 6: Composting of Animal Manure

Bouyancy Force

upward force due to increase in pressure with depth of fluid

Drag Force

upward force due to frictional resistance of particle to fluid flow

overflow rate

settling velocity of smallest particle to be 100% removed

Gravitational Force

downward force due to mass of particle

sludge zone

storage of settled particles

laminar flow

R

Discrete settling

no particle to particle interaction

turbulent flow

R>1000

inlet zone

evenly distributes the flow in the basin

settling basin

earthen or concrete structures used to remove particles from wastewater by sedimentation

Thermophilic phase

compost temperature above 40 deg celsius

50-60%

Optimum MC range 

bulking agent

increases compost porosity

Windrow composting

periodic turning of compost piles to achieve aerobic condition

In-vessel composting

use of bioreactor to achieve high level of process control

Mesophilic phase

compost temperature between 15- 40 deg celsius

Nitrogen

used for cell growth and function

Aerobic treatment

degradation of organic material using free oxygen

30:1

Optimum C/N ration of compost material

Oxygen

for oxidizing organic component of compost material

Moisture Content

supply water to maintain microbial growth

Oxygen

essential for metabolism and respiration of aerobic microorganism

10%

optimum oxygen concentration is greater than ___

carbon

provides energy for metabolism and synthesis of new cells

pH

affects microbial activity and ammonia emission

1. windrow composting

2. passively aerated windrow

3. forced aerated windrow

4. in-vessel composting

5. bin composting

composting methods

1. oxygen supply

2. heat removal

3. moisture removal

three functions of aeration

1. roof runoff management

2. runoff control

3. air quality considerations

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] production

1. alleys

2. gutters

3. slatted floors

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] collection

1. reception pits

2. gravity flow pipes

3. push-off ramps

4. pumps

5. equipment

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] transfer

1. manure storage facilities

2. liquid and slurry manure storage

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] storage

1. primary treatment

2. secondary treatment

3. aerobic lagoons

4. mechanically aerated lagoons

5. composting

6. vegetated treatment areas

7. constructed wetlands

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] treatment

1. nutrient management

2. land application equipment

3. land application of municipal sludge

4. bioenergy production

\[Agri Waste Mgt\] utilization