Biology 2/3- Archaea & Bacteria

General Questions

Peptidoglycan

What chemical critical to bacteria’s cell wall do archaea lack?

Halophiles, Methanogens, and Thermoacidophiles

What are the 3 types of archaea?

Halophiles

Which type of archaea live in the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, and Owens Lake?

They actively pump salt into their cells.

How do halophiles not dehydrate?

Methanogens

Which is the most common of all archaea?

Methanogens

Which archaea are anaerobic (found in sewage, swamps, digestive tracts)?

Methanogens

Which archaea die in the presence of oxygen?

Thermoacidophiles

Which archaea live in hot sulfur springs and volcanic lakes/streams?

They have adaptations that allow DNA and proteins not to denature.

How can thermoacidophiles live in their environment?

Single cell, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili, granules, mesosomes, ribosomes, bacterial DNA, plasmids

What are the 11 eubacterial structures?

Sugars and peptides linked together

What is peptidoglycan?

Protection; prevents phagocytosis by other microorganisms and white blood cells

What is the function of the capsule?

Flagellin and microtubules

What are flagella made of?

External hair-like appendages used to stick to substrates or other bacteria

What are pili?

Storage

What are granules used for?

Folds in the cell membrane, function in cell division

What are mesosomes?

Has 1 circular chromosome with only essential genetic information

What is different about bacterial DNA?

Small pieces of nonessential genetic info that can be copied and passed to other bacteria

What are plasmids and what do they do?

Saprobes

What kind of bacteria live off dead and decaying organic matter?

Commensals

What type of bacteria neither help nor harm their host?

Parasites

What type of bacteria live at the expense of the host, often causing disease?

Pathogens

What type of bacteria are disease-causing?

Green & purple sulfur; green & purple non-sulfur

What are the 4 types of photosynthetic bacteria?

Aerobic

What respiration requires oxygen; most bacteria are this?

Facultative anaerobes

What respiration allows bacteria to use oxygen when available, but carry on metabolism without if necessary?

Obligate anaerobes

What respiration occurs only without oxygen?

Fermentation & Putrefaction

What are the two types of obligate anaerobic respiration?

The nucleoid region

In what region is the DNA of bacterial found?

Transverse binary fission

What is it called when a bacterial cell develops a transverse cell wall and divides into 2 daughter cells (clones)?

Transformation

What occurs when fragments of DNA released by broken cells are taken in by another bacterial cell?

Transduction

What occurs when phages transfer bacterial genes from one host cell to another?

Conjugation

What occurs when two cells come together and one cell donates DNA to its “mate”

Bergy’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

What manual organized bacteria?

Cocci, bacilli, spirochetes, spirilla, vibrios

What are the 5 shapes of Eubacteria?

Cocci

What type of Eubacteria are almost exclusively gram positive and are commonly resistant to antimicrobials and antibiotics?

Neisseria

What is the exception to the gram positive rule in Cocci?

Bacilli

What type of Eubacteria has either positive or negative gram based on the size of the “rod” of that species?

Spiral-Shaped (Spirochetes & Spirilla)

Which type of Eubacteria are rapidly motile, but have low resistance and do not produce endospores?

Myxobacteria

Which type of bacteria move by gliding on slime and can form “fruiting bodies”?

Actinomycetes

Which type of bacteria are gram positive, resemble molds, and live in soil?

Mycoplasmas

Which type of bacteria are gram positive, and do NOT have a cell wall?

Rickettsias

Which type of bacteria are gram negative, are obligate intracellular parasites, and parasitize fleas, lice, and ticks?

Chlamydias

Which type of bacteria are gram negative, are obligate intracellular parasites, and have a cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan?

Lysozyme

What is a natural antibiotic found in tears and saliva?

Penicillin

Which type of antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and only works on prokaryotic bacterial cells?

Tetracycline

Which type of antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis and is from the bacteria Streptomyces?