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Cuticles

Waxy layer that helps retain water in plants adapted to living outside of water.

Stomata

"Breathing ports" in plants outside of water that allow for the exchange of CO2 and water.

Vascular tissue

Tissue that transports water and nutrients in plants.

Clubmosses

One of the three groups of Lycophytes, consisting of around 400 species.

Quillworts

One of the three groups of Lycophytes, consisting of around 150 species.

Spikemosses

One of the three groups of Lycophytes, consisting of around 700 species.

Whisk ferns

One of the three groups of ferns, consisting of 2 species.

Horsetails

One of the three groups of ferns, consisting of 15 species.

True ferns

One of the three groups of ferns, consisting of around 2000 species.

Sorus

Structures found on the underside of fern leaves where spores are produced.

Prothallium

Structure in ferns used for sexual reproduction.

Archegonia

Female structure in ferns.

Antheridia

Male structure in ferns.

Gymnosperm

A group of plants that includes conifers, ginkgo, ephera, welwitschia, and gnetum.

Conifers

Group of gymnosperms that are cone-bearing and consist of around 900 species.

Ginkgo

A single species of gymnosperm.

Ephera

A group of gymnosperms consisting of 35 species.

Welwitschia

A single species of gymnosperm.

Gnetum

A group of gymnosperms consisting of 35 species.

Angiosperm

A group of plants that produce seeds through flowers.

Pollen

Male gametophyte in gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Seeds

Dispersal units in gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Tree of Life

Represents the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

Photosynthetic Summary

Summary of the photosynthetic capabilities of different plant groups.

Mobility of Life Cycle Phases Summary

Summary of the mobility of different reproductive phases in plants.

Spermatozoids

Self-propelled male gametes in plants.

Spores

Dispersal units in plants that are wind-dispersed.

Pollen (gymnosperm)

Pollen in gymnosperms that is wind-dispersed.

Seeds (gymnosperm)

Seeds in gymnosperms that are dispersed by wind or animals.

Pollen (angiosperm)

Pollen in angiosperms that is dispersed by wind or animals.

Seeds (angiosperm)

Seeds in angiosperms that are dispersed by water, wind, or animals.

Dependence on Water

The reliance of certain plant groups on water for survival.