Period 1 AP World History Terms

Mamluks

Turkic military slaves

Rome

Capital of the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire

One of, if not the most influential empires in history. The Byzantine Empire comes from this empire.

Germanic Tribes: Visigoths and Ostrogoths

Tribes who invaded the Roman Empire, which were one of the leading factors to its downfall.

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Panom et circuncum

"Bread and Circuses". The citizens are distracted from what really matters

Byzantine Empire

One of the three empires created from the fall of the Roman Empire. Ruled by Justinian I, who wanted the return of Rome.

The divine right of kings

The right of a king to rule (in western Europe) given by god

Legitimacy

What makes a ruler legitimate, such as a ruler chosen from God himself, or a ruler from royal blood, voted in

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Dome

A roof shaped like a half-circle or hemisphere. Roman architecture

Arch

U-Turn structure roman structure; used in the hagia sophia

Bureaucracy

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Laity

Secular people who aren't part of the clergy

Monotheistic

A religion that believes in one God only.

Polytheistic

A religion that believes in multiple Gods.

Arabian Peninsula

Controlled by the Bedouin tribes for a duration of time. The holy city of Mecca is in this peninsula; Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait

Bedouin Tribes

The tribes that ruled over the Arabian Peninsula for some time. They were Arab, clan based, Animistic, and Polytheistic; united by Islam and Muhammad

Animistic

The belief that there is no separation between this world and the spiritual world.

Black Stone

A meteor that landed in the Arabian Peninsula. It was placed in the Ka'aba by Abraham, which eventually became Mecca, a holy land for Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

Kaaba

A holy site for Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Holds the Black Stone.

Mecca

The Ka'aba is in this city. It was a huge trading center for Jews and Christians. Holy city.

Islam

the religion practiced by Muslims; ____ means "submission to the will of God." Created by Muhammad after he received a message from Angel Gabriel.

Muslim

a person who follows the Islamic religion; "followers of the book"

Quran

The holy book of Islam

Jihad

a holy war

Abrahamic Religions

The type of religions that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are

Jesus

The son of God in the Christian religion.

Moses

Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.

Abraham

Originator of the three major religions: Islam, Christianity, Judaism

Adam

First man created by God

Angel Gabriel

An Angel who gave the message to Muhammad from Allah

Hijra

Muhammad's move to Medina. Islam's true beginning: 622 A.D

Medina

"City of the prophet" Originally called Yathrib

Caliph

A political and religious leader

Caliphate

A country led by a caliph

Uthman

A weak caliph who changed how caliphs were chosen from best suited to his family. Was murdered in the 7th century.

Ali

A blood relative of Muhammad. Took over when Uthman died, but later was assassinated.

Umayyad Family

Uthman was apart of this family. This family took over after Ali died. Changed capital from Mecca to Damascus, Syria. VERY disliked.

Damascus

Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

Sunni

One of the two groups of Islam who believe that the leader should be the person best suited for the job.

Shia

One of the two groups of Islam who believe that the leader of Islam should be related to Muhammad.

Umayyad Dynasty/Caliphate/Empire

Sunni. ends election for caliph. Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus. EXTREMELEY disliked

Iberian Peninsula

the peninsula where present-day Spain and Portugal are located

Al Andalus

Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula

Cordoba

the capital of Al-Andalus

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

Charles Martel

Leader of the Franks. Won the Battle of Tours

Franks

a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s

Abbasid Dynasty/Caliphate/Empire

750 AD. Took over after the Umayyad Dynasty fell. Moved the capital to Baghdad

House of Wisdom

Public academy and intellectual center. Where west meets east. Preserved Ancient Greek and Hindu texts. In Baghdad.

Turks

Nomadic group from Central Asia. Originally tribally divided, but united because of Islam. Took power in 1055 AD

Theocracy

A system of government that interchanges a ruler and religious symbol. "Government by God."

Power vacuum

area with no ruler

Dynasty

A series of rulers from the same family

Sultanate

land ruled by a sultan

Sultan

Ruler of an Islamic country (Muslim Ruler)

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Five Pillars of Islam

five acts of worship required of all Muslims. Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca

Sharia Laws

Pulled from the Quran. Emphasized morality and honesty. No eating pork, gambling, or drinking.

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

Harem

The separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants.

Hijab/Burka

Islamic Female headgear. Hair covered and fully covered

Mosques

Muslim church

Minaret

Where the call to prayer is announced from in Islamic areas

Eucharist

The Christian service, ceremony, or sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.

Communion

The receiving of the Body and Blood of Christ.

Confession

acknowledging and telling one's sins to a priest

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Iconoclasm Controversy

Controversy over the use of religious icons. Led to conflict over who should lead Christian church. Caused division within the Christian church. (Roman and Eastern Orthodox)

Iconoclast

Attacking or rejecting established beliefs, customs, and institutions

Icons

Holy images

Idols

images or objects that people worship

Pagans

Term Christians generally used to refer to the various polytheistic religions that are not Christianity; non-religion

Leavened and Unleaved Bread

Bread with or without yeast. Roman Church used ______(2), eastern orthodox used _______(1)

The Last Supper

A Passover meal which literally became the last meal taken by Christ with his apostles.

The Crucifixion of Jesus

Ordered by the Jews.

Apostles

the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings

St. Peter

First among the Apostles, upon whom Christ founded the Church

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Cardinals

Catholic officials ranking next below the pope.

Patriarch

the male head of a family or tribe

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Eastern Orthodox Church

a Christian religion that developed out of early Christianity in the Byzantine Empire

Celibate

unmarried

Divorce

The legal ending of a marriage. Not allowed in the Roman church, but allowed in the Eastern Orthodox church.

Pope Gregory VII

the pope who wanted to make the Church independent of secular rulers

Excommunicated

Banned from entering the church. Essentially kicked out of Heaven.

Feudalism

A system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

Centralized vs. Decentralized

Country under one ruler, versus multiple groups in one area under no individual ruler.

Fief

Land given from Lords to nobles.

Vassel

A noble who was given land by a king/noble who owes loyalty to a king

Knight

mounted warrior. Usually nobles.

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord. In the feudalism structure

Chivalry

A knight's set of rules. (Code of ethics)

Charlemagne

Grandson of Charles Martel. Unified Germanic tribes. Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III.

Holy Roman Reich

Charlemagne's empire

Aachen

The capital of Charlemagne's empire