intro to cj study exam 2 (lecture 9)

levels of suspicion & continuum

no information

suspicion

reasonable suspicion

probable cause

beyond a reasonable doubt

suspicion

have minor facts or major facts from an unreliable source

reasonable suspicion

general belief crime has occurred

probable cause

specific belief that a specific person committed a specific crime

exclusionary rule

bars evidence gathered without warrant or probable cause

exception to the exclusionary rule & warrantless searches

good faith exception

inevitable discovery

plain view doctrine

open field doctrine

good faith exception

evidence collected in ‘good faith’ may be used in court even if later found the search was illegal

good faith

honestly believed they were following proper rules

open field doctrine

entering an open field is not a search because not an intimate activity from government intrusion

SCOTUS cases relating to exclusionary rule

Weeks v. U.S.

Silverthorne Lumber Co v. U.S.

Terry v. Ohio

Miranda v. Arizona

Weeks v. U.S.

exclusionary rule created at federal level

Silverthorne Lumber Co v. U.S.

police seized company books; ruled police can’t use illegally obtained evidence to procure legal evidence (fruit of poisonous tree)

Terry v. Ohio

stop & frisk only acceptable when reasonable suspicion is present

Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda Rights

police corruption types

grass eaters

meat eaters

grass eaters

waiting for opportunity + takes it

larger percentage

meat eaters

exploit position & main goal of job is to make money

smaller percentage

corruption theories

rotten apples theory (microlevel)

environmental theory (macrolevel)

rotten apples theory

corruption results from a few bad officers sneaking through training

environment theory

corruption results from political environment

can’t be fixed because so prevalent

police use of force

mere presence

verbal resistant

resistant (passive)

resistant (active physical)

assaultive (aggressive physical)

aggravated physical resistance

key SCOTUS cases involving use of force

Tennessee v. Gardner

Graham v. Connor

Tennessee v. Gardner

fleeing felony rule

Graham v. Connor

court noted deadly force should use objective reasonableness

symbolic assailant (racial profiling)

perceptual shorthand of typical offender