absolute monarchs

religious persecution

to punish people of a certain religion

armada

spanish naval fleet

divine right

God grants power to rule

monarchy

rule by king or queen

autocrat

rulers with unlimited power

isabella and ferdinand

Catholic Monarchs of Spain

tried unifying Spain

spent church money on national projects

inquisition (convert, die or leave)

Charles V

grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand

member of Hapsburg family, named king of Spain at 15

fights with ottoman/pirates

retires 1556

Ferdinand I

inherited eastern hapsburg lands and title of holy roman emperor (Charles V brother)

Philip ll

son on charles V

fought/ eliminated protestantism

took portugal

lost against armada

supporter of dutch rebels

Spains decline

wars cost too much

trade and industry declined

poor maintenance on farmland

depended on American colonial wealth (inflation)

Henry lV (henry of navarre)

religious conflicts (hugenots v catholics)

first bourbon

converted to Catholicism

he issued edict of nantes to give Huguenots equality

louis Xlll

song of henry lV

cardinal richelieu is chief minister

anti-hugenot

leads france to 30 year war

30 year war

catholic versus Protestant( fought in Germany

Holy Roman emperor tried to impose Catholicism on German Protestants

catholic France join German protestants to thwart Hapsburgs

devastating to germans

peace of westphalia

Holy Roman empire dissolves in German states become independent

Hapsburgs focus on Central and eastern Europe

Netherlands and Switzerland become independent

France becomes major power in Europe

Establishes new format for peace after war

Louis XIV

achieve minister, Cardinal, Missouri, and raise his taxes which leads to unsuccessful, pleasant revolts and causes louis XIV to preach divine right

becomes ablsolue monarch when Mazarin dies

spent money to bolster france

built palace of Versailles

patron of the arts

name Colbert minister of finance

believed in mercantilism

help build frances economy

forced Huguenots out of france after canceling edict of nantes

countries create alliances in fear or France

France’s Decline

Louis XIV spent too much

taxes increased under his great grandson louis XV, Louis XVI, and led to French revolution

german states

hohenzollens v hapsburg

austria

hapsburg, charles VI, maria theresa

war os austrian succession

prussia wants silesia

austria allies with britian against prussia and france

M.T lost silesia but put up good fight

prussia

great military buildup

Frederick ll the great ( prussia )

wants Austrian lands

makes alliances with Britain against France and Austria

7 years war ens with peace of Paris; Britain makes clear wins

ivan IV the terrible ( russia)

fought boyars

first CZAR

killed oldest son , weak son takes over and dies w/ out heir

Micheal Romanov czar

grandnephew of Anastasia of ivan the terrible

peter the great

of great romanov family

wanted to westernize russia

sought warm water port on baltic by defeating Sweden

separated Russia into provinces for easier governing

grand embassy trip

changed customs (no veils for women, no beards for men, catholic calendar, western clothing, peter is head of russian church

moved capital from moscow to st.petersburg

catherine the great

wanted to westernize

gave merchants and townspeople more freedom

gained ports on black sea

increased russian land area

elizabeth l ( england)

daughter of henry the Vlll

no heir

protestant

james stuart

cousin of elizabeth l, and becomes king of England and scotland

calvinst…anti puritan

believed he had absolute authority

thought it was beneath him to win over parliament which caused money issues with parliament

Charles l

James’ son (takes over 1625)

Call in Parliament in 1628 for money

Signed the Petition of Right

Would not imprison without a good cause

Could not levy taxes without permission from Parliament

Do not house soldiers in private homes

Would not impose martial law in peacetime

Charles signs petition but ignores it

1629 – Charles stops Parliament

Civil War (1642-1649)

Angers Scots trying to force Anglican rel.

Needs $ from Parliament

England splits

Royalists (Cavaliers) support Charles I 

oliver cromwell

helps defeat Charles l

military dictator

takes charles l prisoner

public execution of charles l

abolishes monarchy

commonwealth= republican form of government

crushes irish revolt

Cromwell does and govt collapses

Charles ll

Son of Charles I restoration

Re-instituted Arts cancelled under Cromwell

Signed Habeas Corpus

Cannot put a person in jail for opposing ruler 

Prisoner cannot be held without trials

No heirs

James ll

brother of Charles II & Catholic

Tories support him

Whigs Oppose him

Has Protestant daughter Mary

Has Catholic son

glorious revolution 1688

Parliament invites William & Mary of Orange to replace James II

James flees to France

W&M sign English Bill of Rights 1689

 Parliament shares power with monarch

Limits power of monarch

Need Parliament to tax

Freedom of Speech in Parliament

People can petition king with complaints

Leads to Cabinet System