unit 2! vocab

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Population Density

The number of people occupying a unit of land.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of area of farmland.

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live.

Population Pyramid (Age-Sex Pyramid)

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically.

Neo-Malthusian

Contemporary geographers who argue that Malthus's principles still hold true.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model explaining changes in population growth rates as a country industrializes.

Stage 1 (Low Growth)

Characterized by high CBR and CDR, resulting in a low NIR.

Stage 2 (High Growth)

Characterized by high CBR and declining CDR, resulting in a high NIR.

Stage 3 (Moderate Growth)

Characterized by declining CBR and low CDR, resulting in a moderate NIR.

Stage 4 (Low Growth)

Characterized by low CBR and low CDR, resulting in low or zero NIR.

Stage 5 (Decline)

Characterized by very low CBR and increasing CDR, resulting in a negative NIR.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

A model describing changes in leading causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Migration

A permanent move to a new location.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Immigration

Migration to a location.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

Push Factor

A factor that induces people to move out of their present location.

Pull Factor

A factor that induces people to move into a new location.

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of generalizations about migration patterns.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Voluntary Migration

Migration where people choose to move for economic improvement.

Forced Migration

Migration where people are compelled to move due to various factors.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within the same country.

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region of a country.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages to a distant destination.

Guest Worker

A person who temporarily migrates to a developed country for work.

Refugee

People who are forced to migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone forced to migrate for political reasons but has not crossed an international border.

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country to be recognized as a refugee.