unit 2! vocab
Alright, let's get you ready for Unit 2 of AP Human Geography, which typically covers Population and Migration:
Population Concepts:
* Demography: The scientific study of population characteristics.
* Population Density: The number of people occupying a unit of land.
* Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.
* Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
* Agricultural Density: The number of farmers per unit of area of farmland.
* Population Distribution: The pattern of where people live.
* Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
* Crude Death Rate (CDR): The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
* Natural Increase Rate (NIR): The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
* Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
* Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly ages 15-49).
* Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
* Life Expectancy: The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
* Population Pyramid (Age-Sex Pyramid): A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
* Dependency Ratio: The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
* Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Population Theories & Models:
* Malthusian Theory: The theory proposed by Thomas Malthus that population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, leading to overpopulation and resource depletion.
* Neo-Malthusian: Contemporary geographers and analysts who argue that Malthus's basic principles still hold true, particularly when considering other resources besides food.
* Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A model consisting of several stages that helps to explain and predict changes in population growth rates through time as a country industrializes.
* Stage 1 (Low Growth): High CBR and CDR, resulting in a low NIR.
* Stage 2 (High Growth): High CBR and declining CDR, resulting in a high NIR.
* Stage 3 (Moderate Growth): Declining CBR and low CDR, resulting in a moderate NIR.
* Stage 4 (Low Growth): Low CBR and low CDR, resulting in a low or zero NIR, and potentially a negative NIR.
* Stage 5 (Decline): Very low CBR and increasing CDR, resulting in a negative NIR.
* Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM): A model that describes the changes in the leading causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
* Stage 1 (Pestilence and Famine): Infectious and parasitic diseases are the principal causes of human deaths.
* Stage 2 (Receding Pandemics): Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
* Stage 3 (Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases): A decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in deaths associated with chronic diseases linked to aging and lifestyle.
* Stage 4 (Delayed Degenerative Diseases): Medical advances extend life expectancy, and degenerative diseases are postponed.
* Stage 5 (Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases): Infectious diseases thought to have been eradicated or controlled return, and new ones emerge.
Migration Concepts:
* Migration: A permanent move to a new location.
* Emigration: Migration from a location.
* Immigration: Migration to a location.
* Net Migration: The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
* Push Factor: A factor that induces people to move out of their present location.
* Pull Factor: A factor that induces people to move into a new location.
* Intervening Obstacle: An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
* Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: A set of generalizations about migration patterns.
* Distance Decay: The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
* International Migration: Permanent movement from one country to another.
* Voluntary Migration: Migration in which people choose to move, often for economic improvement.
* Forced Migration: Migration in which people are compelled to move, often due to political, environmental, or cultural factors.
* Internal Migration: Permanent movement within the same country.
* Interregional Migration: Movement from one region of a country to another.
* Intraregional Migration: Movement within one region of a country.
* Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
* Step Migration: Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city.
* Guest Worker: A person who migrates temporarily to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
* Refugee: People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
* Internally Displaced Person (IDP): Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.
* Asylum Seeker: Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
This list should give you a strong vocabulary base for understanding population and migration. Make sure you grasp the concepts behind these terms and how they relate to population change, movement patterns, and their impacts. Good luck with Unit 2!