Chapter 33 The Great War: The World in Upheaval

The spark for World War I was provided when Gavrilo Princip assassinated

Franz Ferdinand.

The first total war in world history was

World War I.

Approximately how many combatants died in World War I?

fifteen million

The term for the idea that people with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states was

self-determination.

Pan-Slavism was actively promoted by

Russia.

The members of the Triple Alliance were

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

The German military plan that called for an invasion of France through Belgium was called the

Schlieffen plan.

Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret Serbian society known as the

Black Hand.

The last tsar of Russia was

Nicholas II.

The soldiers who marched off in 1914 to fight in World War I were mostly

wildly enthusiastic.

"To make the world safe for democracy" was the motto of the

Americans.

What effect did World War I have on the status of women?

Women in many countries received the vote in the years after the war.

The experience of French PM Joseph Caillaux being arrested for suggesting that France and Germany should compromise during World War I demonstrated that

governments resorted to the restriction of civil liberties.

The Twenty-One Demands were issued

by Japan to China.

The Japanese fought in World War I due to their

their desire to acquire German colonies in Asia.

Which of the following was a German African colony conquered by the Allies in World War I?

Togoland

The battle of Gallipoli

led to the weakening of Britain's imperial ties with Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

The Treaty of Brest Litovsk

ended Russia's involvement in World War I.

The key factor in the United States's decision to enter World War I was

Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918

was responsible for more deaths than those suffered in battle during World War I.

Woodrow Wilson agreed to many harsh stipulations to the Treaty of Versailles

in return for the creation of the League of Nations.

In the wake of World War I, Mustapha Kemal became president of

Turkey.

The mandate system

angered the Arab world because it was little more than a glorified form of imperialism.

Nationalism

Cause of World War I: involves a nation wanting to maintain its powerful and prestigious position on the world's state, as well as the desire of people to pursue self-government

Before WWI, nationalism and a desire for self-determination is especially strong in...

the Balkans

Germany

Nation that rivals Britain's military and industrial strength before WWI

Before WWI, Austria-Hungary and Russia both compete for...

land in the Balkans

Before WWI, Russia promotes Pan-Slavism in order to...

weaken the power of Austria-Hungary and potentially take land in the Balkans for themselves

Before WWI, imperialism fuels

rivalries between European states, like France and Germany competing over Morocco

Triple Alliance

Pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy --> becomes Central Powers in WWI

Triple Entente

Pre-WWI alliance between Britain, France, and Russia to combat Germany's military and territorial aggression --> side with Serbia in WWI as the Allied Powers

Why is Franz Ferdinand assassinated in June 1914?

Serbian nationalists were angry that Austria annexed Bosnia.

Before WWI, many Serbs living in Bosnia want to be a part of...

Serbia

In theory, alliances are meant to...

prevent a war from breaking out, as an aggressive nation might be deterred from attacking an enemy, if they know the enemy has allies that will respond to the initial attack

At the onset of World War I, the role of alliances in Europe serve to

drag all nations into the fighting

Domino effect

Refers to the idea that because of alliances, all nations in an alliance will get dragged into a global conflict (ex. Germany, Russia, France, Britain all enter World War I, even though it starts as a conflict between Austria and Serbia)

Schleiffen Plan

plan by Germany to take France quickly before Russia could mobilize by violating Belgian neutrality and invading on the way to France; made Britain enter the war

Trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other; a result of trench warfare in World War I

At the beginning of WWI, both sides plan offenses involving machine guns. This results in massive casualties and results in both sides deciding to...

dig trenches in the ground to find cover from the bullets

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

First industrialized war using new weapons that produce heavy casualties never before seen in combat

World War I

No man's land

A strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1; dangerous to stand on, as soldiers could get shot, caught in barbed wire, or blown up from a landmine

Tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches; developed by British in 1916

What helps to break the stalemate of trench warfare?

Tanks

Poison Gas (mustard gas)

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

Airplanes in World War I

New technology in World War I, used for reconnaissance

Submarines (U-boats)

ships that traveled underwater, German U-boats attacked British ships and sank the Lusitania

Naval blockades

both Great Britain & France used their navies to try to

prevent (block) other nations from trading with their

enemies; British used regular surface ships while

Germany used u-boats; each nation broke international

law by doing this (neutral nations, like the U.S., were

supposed to be able to trade with whoever they wanted;

German u-boats sank U.S. ships (& killed people); we

declared war

Total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

As part of total war,

governments ask factories to convert to war production, such as making weapons, tanks, and supplies for the soldiers

Wartime propaganda

Used to raise enthusiasm for the war and evoke guilt in civilians to help keep the war efforts going

Wartime propaganda

Posters, films, speeches that gained the support for the war effort and demonized the enemy

Censorship

Used by governments (as part of total war) to control what the population hears about the war in order to ensure all citizens support the war effort

Sometimes, governments in World War I

restrict civil liberties on the home front to prevent dissent and ensure that all citizens support the war effort

Japan joined WWI on the side of the

Allies

During WWI, Japan pursues

imperialistic activities, such as seizing German-controlled lands in Asia and establishing China as a Japanese protectorate

Battle of Gallipoli

Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers' guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles and secure a route to Russia to send them supplies and food; major loss for the Allies; weakens colonial ties between Britain and Australia/New Zealand/Canada

In addition to recruiting men at home to serve in the military, imperial nations like Britain and France recruit soldiers from...

their colonies

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

In order to weaken the Ottoman Empire, the British encourage

the Arabs living in lands controlled by the Ottomans to pursue independence

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that would divide up the Arab lands of Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq and make them into British and French colonies after WWI ended

Mandate system

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories and essentially make them into British and French colonies, put into place after the end of the First World War.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Who will be angry as a result of the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

The Arabs, who are frustrated that the British encouraged them to pursue independence but will now find themselves colonized by Europeans

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a communist government under Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

What does Lenin plan to do regarding World War I, once he takes over Russia?

Withdraw Russia from the war and focus on rebuilding internally

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918) and gave the Germans an advantage, as they could now focus on the Western Front.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. Based on the idealistic goal of eliminating the causes that led to World War I (such as imperialism), so that another war could be prevented in the future.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that carry war material / Germany uses this strategy in Feb/Mar 1917 against American ships and leads to the US declaring war against Germany

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to ally with Germany and attack the U.S. / Contributes to more Americans supporting the US entering the war

Sinking of Lusitania

British cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI

When World War I breaks out, the United States is officially

neutral

Reason why Germany must surrender and end the war

Struggling with food shortages (thanks to British blockade) and illness from flu pandemic

Influenza pandemic

1918 global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection, killing as many as 30 million people worldwide. / spreads as soldiers RETURN HOME from war

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included David Lloyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Vittorio Orlando (Italy). The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful in preventing future war.

At the Paris Peace Conference, the British and French leaders clearly want to write a treaty that would

punish Germany and make them pay for the devastation of World War I

At the Paris Peace Conference, the American leader Woodrow Wilson clearly wants to write a treaty that would

fix the problems that led to war by eliminating colonialism, secret alliances and guaranteeing freedom of the seas. He also wants to create an international peacekeeping organization called the League of Nations

Does Wilson get what he wants in the Treaty of Versailles?

Generally NO. Instead of preventing the causes of war, Germany is blamed, but a League of Nations is created.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations / supported by Woodrow Wilson, although the United States does not actually join

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau

French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France; at the Paris Peace Conference.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Ataturk

"Father of the Turks" who helped to create Republic of Turkey and wanted to modernize [westernize] Turkey as well as separate religion and government / ends up ruling as somewhat of a dictator

New countries created after WWI

Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia