Soc test 2

Deviance

any attitude, behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction.

Informal Deviance

actions and behaviors that violate social norms (Merton, 1967).

Formal Deviance

actions and behaviors that violate formally enacted rules (Merton).

Social Control

The attempts of particular people or groups to control the behaviors of other individuals and groups in order to increase the likelihood they will conform to the established norms or laws of a given society

Informal Control (used more among everyday deviance)

the unofficial mechanisms through which deviance is discouraged in society, most often occurs among ordinary people during the course of their interactions.

Formal Control (used for organizations or groups)

official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others, most often exercised by the state.

What is one of four functions of deviance (Durkheim?)

Clarify Norms

What is the second of four functions of deviance (Durkheim?)

Unify Groups

What is the third of four functions of deviance (Durkheim?)

Diffuse tension

What is the fourth function of deviance in society? (Durkheim?)

Promotes social change

Strain Theory (Robert K Merton)

the theory that when there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates or deviance will be high.

Structural Strain ( by Robert K Merton, a form of anomie)

A form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between a society’s culturally defined goals, and the means a society provides to attain those goals.

Opportunity Theory

people differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts, in their opportunity to do so.

Conflict perspective (Main idea)

People and groups with power will use their advantage to maintain their status

Theories of Conflict perspective (first one is? ST, CDT, SCT)

Subcultural theory; deviance is a result of conflicting interests or cultural norms of more and less powerful segments of a population

Theories of Conflict perspective (second one is? ST, CDT, SCT)

Class-dominant Theory: theoretical perspective that who is labeled as deviant (or criminal) is determined by the interest of the dominant class in a particular society.

Theories of Conflict perspective (third one is? ST, CDT, SCT)

Structural Contradiction Theory: conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of a society produce laws defining certain

Labeling Theory of Deviance

deviance is the result of the labels people attach to certain types of behaviors.

Differential Association

the theory that deviant and criminal behavior is socially learned when deviance is positively reinforced.

Income

The amount of money a person (or family) earns in a given time

Wealth

The value of everything a person owns minus what they owe

Political Power

Ability to influence political institution to achieve one’s interests

Class

A recognized social category typically associated w/ income, wealth, occupation, or political power.

Status

Prestige associated w/ a social person

Automation

The replacement of human labor by machines

Symbolic Analysts

high educated professionals who engage in mental labor, and in the manipulation of symbol

Social Inequality

a high degree of disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige and other resources.

Social Stratification

the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of

Achieved Status

social position linked to an individual’s acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills.

Ascribed Status

social position linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot generally be altered.

Social Mobility

the upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time.

 

Meritocracy

The belief that personal success is based on talent and individual effort.

 

Middle class is % of the world’s population, but consume__% of the world’s resources

5%, 20%

Global Inequality

the systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to technology, opportunity, and power among countries, communities, and households around the world.

What are one of the Four major measures of global inequality

Health

What is the 2nd of the Four major measures of global inequality

Sanitation

What is the 3rd the Four major measures of global inequality

Education

What is the 4th of the Four major measures of global inequality

Technology

TWO SOCIOLOGICAL EXP FOR POVERTY: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION/GLOBAL (One is F, the other is C)

Functionalist:

Early theory: Money are rightfully distributed to those who achieve it

Today: poverty/ dysfunction are positively correlated

TWO SOCIOLOGICAL EXP FOR POVERTY: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION/GLOBAL (C)

Conflict: Global strat is due to the bourgeousie (the global elite)

Modernization theory

poverty was the norm, and as societies adopt modern technologies, institutions, and practices are the only ones who escape poverty.

Dependency Theory

poverty of some countries is due to the exploitation by wealthier states, which permeate the country to control their economy and politics.

World Systems theory

the global capitalist economic system is shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who fix the global economy across nations.

Race

dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics thought to be a result from genetic ancestry.

Ethnicity

population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality, language, or shared cultural traditions.

Minority

less powerful groups who are dominated by a more powerful group, and often, discriminated against on the basis of characteristics deemed by the majority to be socially significant.

Social Construction

a social phenomenon that is created, institutionalized, and made into tradition by humans.

Pan ethnic Category

a grouping of various ethnic groups based on their related cultural origins; geographic, linguistic, religious, or ‘racial” similarities

Individualism

One’s self goals and concerns take precedence over the goals and concerns of the group.

Collectivism

When the goals and concerns of a valued group take precedence over the goals and concerns of the individual.

How is the US Demographic Changing?

Caucasian percentages are lower as more people are able to identify as their root race/ ethnicity.

Oppositional Identity (Definition)

an unconscious opposition to institutions and customs formerly used to subordinate one’s group (Ogbu, 2003).

Oppositional Identity (Groups that experience it)

African americans

Collectivists (how they learn)

Together, they learn through narratives and stories.

Influences goals to get the “Highest degrees”

Symbolic Racism

eople who believe the plight of minorities is self imposed now that society is tolerance.

Modern Racism

when people allow race to influence their judgments when there are alternative explanations for our behavior.

Implicit Bias

People’s utilization of unconscious biases when making judgments about people from different groups.

Labor Supply factors

Factors that highlight reasons that women or men may “prefer” particular occupations

Labor Demand Factors

Factors that highlight the needs and preferences of the employer

Occupational Segregation

Concentration Of men and women in different occupations

Motherhood Mandate

Expectations That adult females be concerned With having Children and raising them Well

Second Shift

The expectation that working women still maintain the majority of domestic duties when in the home

Glass Ceiling

an artificial boundary that allows women to see the benefits of a promotion but face social/structural obstacles to get there.

Sexism

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other and is therefore justified in having a dominant position.

Feminism (the first type)

Liberal Fem: the belief that women’s inequality is the results of institutional barriers.

Feminism ( the second type)

Socialist Feminism: women’s inequality is the result of a combination of capitalistic economy and male domination.

•Focus on work and money/lack of focus on family is male oriented

•Both must be transformed to bring about equality.

Feminism ( the third one)

Radical Feminism: women’s inequality underlies all other forms of inequality.

•The stigma of female influences our ideas about race, ethnicity, poverty, etc…