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Carbohydrates provide energy for what?
all living things
Carbohydrates are composed of what atoms?
Ratio?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1:2:1
How are carbohydrates classified?
by their size and complexity
What are Monosaccharides?
simple sugars
What are Monosaccharides the building blocks for?
all other carbohydrate molecules
What are the three most common Monosaccharides?
glucose
fructose
galactose
Why can the three monosaccharide molecules easily convert from one form to another?
they all have the same formula but different structures.
What are disaccharides?
How are they formed?
double sugars
when two monosaccharides bond together
What happens when two monosaccharides bond?
Is it an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
water is given off (condensation)
anabolic
What is the covalent bond called that’s formed as a result of dehydration synthesis (condensation)?
a glycosidic bond
How can a dehydration synthesis bond be broken?
What is this called? Catabolic or Anabolic?
by adding water to the molecule
hydrolysis; catabolic
What are the three common disaccharide molecules?
maltose: glucose+glucose
Sucrose: glucose+fructose
Lactose: glucose+galactose
What are Polysaccharides?
long chains of monosaccharides
What are the most common Polysaccharides?
amylose (starch)
glycogen
cellulose
chitin
Where is amylose produced?
in plants from photosynthesis
Where is amylose the primary source of glucose?
in both plants and animals
What is Glycogen made by?
animals
Where is Glycogen made?
Where is it stored?
in the liver of animals
in the liver and muscle cells
How is Glycogen used by animals?
its the only way of storing extra glucose
What do Amylose and Glycogen have in common?
they both have glycosidic bonds
Where is Cellulose found?
the cell walls of plants
Can Cellulose be digested by anything?
no; humans and other animals cannot digest it
What does Chitin make up?
the exoskeletons (shells) of insects and shellfish
What is Cellulose the source of?
fiber in human diets
What do Cellulose and Chitin have in common?
not all bonds are glycosidic (cannot be digested)
What do Lipids do?
store energy; insulate the body; protect organs
What are Lipids made of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids are the only organic molecules that are insoluble (nonpolar) in water.
True
Lipids can be broken down into what two groups?
triglycerides + steroids
What are Triglycerides made of?
1 three carbon glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains
What at the four groups of Triglycerides?
fats
oils
phosphoipids
waxes
Where do Fats come from?
animals (solid at room temp)
Where do Oils come from?
plants (liquid at room temp)
What is unique about Phospholipids?
they have a polar and non-polar end
make up most of the cell membrane
What is unique about Waxes?
made when alcohol group bonds to fatty acids
found in plants, animals, and can be man-made
What are Steroids made of?
4 interlocking carbon rings
What is Cholesterol?
a steroid that strengthens the cell membrane
What are the two types of cholesterol?
HDL (good) + LDL (bad)
What does HDL do?
it maintains our cell membranes
What can LDL do?
form hardened plaques in our arteries that can lead to strokes and other cardiovascular diseases
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?
saturated: single bonded hydrogen atoms
unsaturated: double bonded hydrogen atoms
What are Nucleic Acids composed of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
What does the organization of Nucleic Acids called?
nucleotides
Nucleotides are the building blocks of what?
nucleic acids
What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?
DNA + RNA
What is DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
found in the cells nucleus
controls all the cells activities
What is a Gene?
a segment of DNA that eodes for 1 trait or 1 protein
What is RNA?
ribonucleic acid
found in cells cytoplasm
makes protein
What does Proteins provide and do?
structural support in living things
they build and repair damage done to cells and tissues
What are some examples of what are made of Proteins?
hair, skin, nails, and muscles
All Proteins have what three structures?
primary; secondary; tertiary
What do bonded amino acids form?
double amino acids
polypeptides
Enzymes are proteins that act as what?
catalysts
What are Catalysts?
they speed up a chemical reaction by either lowering the amount of energy needed to begin, or by lowering the temperature at which the reaction takes place
The what of an enzyme is very important?
shape
Why is the shape of the enzyme so important?
the design is to work with one specific molecule (substrate)
Where do enzymes get their names from?
their substrates What
What does the name of every enzyme (accept for one) end in?
-ase
What denatures enzymes?
high temperature + low (acid) pH
Note 
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