Biology II - Macro-Molecules and Monomers

Carbohydrates provide energy for what?

all living things

Carbohydrates are composed of what atoms?

Ratio?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

1:2:1

How are carbohydrates classified?

by their size and complexity

What are Monosaccharides?

simple sugars

What are Monosaccharides the building blocks for?

all other carbohydrate molecules

What are the three most common Monosaccharides?

glucose

fructose

galactose

Why can the three monosaccharide molecules easily convert from one form to another?

they all have the same formula but different structures.

What are disaccharides?

How are they formed?

double sugars

when two monosaccharides bond together

What happens when two monosaccharides bond?

Is it an anabolic or catabolic reaction?

water is given off (condensation)

anabolic

What is the covalent bond called that’s formed as a result of dehydration synthesis (condensation)?

a glycosidic bond

How can a dehydration synthesis bond be broken?

What is this called? Catabolic or Anabolic?

by adding water to the molecule

hydrolysis; catabolic

What are the three common disaccharide molecules?

maltose: glucose+glucose

Sucrose: glucose+fructose

Lactose: glucose+galactose

What are Polysaccharides?

long chains of monosaccharides

What are the most common Polysaccharides?

amylose (starch)

glycogen

cellulose

chitin

Where is amylose produced?

in plants from photosynthesis

Where is amylose the primary source of glucose?

in both plants and animals

What is Glycogen made by?

animals

Where is Glycogen made?

Where is it stored?

in the liver of animals

in the liver and muscle cells

How is Glycogen used by animals?

its the only way of storing extra glucose

What do Amylose and Glycogen have in common?

they both have glycosidic bonds

Where is Cellulose found?

the cell walls of plants

Can Cellulose be digested by anything?

no; humans and other animals cannot digest it

What does Chitin make up?

the exoskeletons (shells) of insects and shellfish

What is Cellulose the source of?

fiber in human diets

What do Cellulose and Chitin have in common?

not all bonds are glycosidic (cannot be digested)

What do Lipids do?

store energy; insulate the body; protect organs

What are Lipids made of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Lipids are the only organic molecules that are insoluble (nonpolar) in water.

True

Lipids can be broken down into what two groups?

triglycerides + steroids

What are Triglycerides made of?

1 three carbon glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains

What at the four groups of Triglycerides?

fats

oils

phosphoipids

waxes

Where do Fats come from?

animals (solid at room temp)

Where do Oils come from?

plants (liquid at room temp)

What is unique about Phospholipids?

they have a polar and non-polar end

make up most of the cell membrane

What is unique about Waxes?

made when alcohol group bonds to fatty acids

found in plants, animals, and can be man-made

What are Steroids made of?

4 interlocking carbon rings

What is Cholesterol?

a steroid that strengthens the cell membrane

What are the two types of cholesterol?

HDL (good) + LDL (bad)

What does HDL do?

it maintains our cell membranes

What can LDL do?

form hardened plaques in our arteries that can lead to strokes and other cardiovascular diseases

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

saturated: single bonded hydrogen atoms

unsaturated: double bonded hydrogen atoms

What are Nucleic Acids composed of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

What does the organization of Nucleic Acids called?

nucleotides

Nucleotides are the building blocks of what?

nucleic acids

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

DNA + RNA

What is DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid

found in the cells nucleus

controls all the cells activities

What is a Gene?

a segment of DNA that eodes for 1 trait or 1 protein

What is RNA?

ribonucleic acid

found in cells cytoplasm

makes protein

What does Proteins provide and do?

structural support in living things

they build and repair damage done to cells and tissues

What are some examples of what are made of Proteins?

hair, skin, nails, and muscles

All Proteins have what three structures?

primary; secondary; tertiary

What do bonded amino acids form?

double amino acids

polypeptides

Enzymes are proteins that act as what?

catalysts

What are Catalysts?

they speed up a chemical reaction by either lowering the amount of energy needed to begin, or by lowering the temperature at which the reaction takes place

The what of an enzyme is very important?

shape

Why is the shape of the enzyme so important?

the design is to work with one specific molecule (substrate)

Where do enzymes get their names from?

their substrates What

What does the name of every enzyme (accept for one) end in?

-ase

What denatures enzymes?

high temperature + low (acid) pH