Sociology FINAL

OMFL ITS THE LAST SOCIOLOGY TEST CHAPTERS 20 & 21

Sustainable Development

development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment

Carrying Capacity

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources

Cornucopian Theory

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

Demographic Transition Theory

a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development

Demography

the study of population

Fertility Rate

a measure noting the actual number of children born

Malthusian Theory

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

Mortality Rate

a measure of the number of people in a population who die

Population Pyramid

a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex

Refugee

an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Sex Ratio

the ratio of men to women in a given population

Anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Bourgeoisie

the owners of the means of production in a society

Class Consciousness

awareness of one's social class and its interests

False Consciousness

a misunderstanding of one's social class and interests.

Organic Solidarity

A type of social cohesion emerging from the interdependence of specialized individuals in a complex society.

Rationalization

the process of replacing traditional or emotional decision-making with logical, calculated reasoning.

Social Integration

The process of bringing individuals or groups into a cohesive society.

Assembling Perspective

Theoretical framework that examines how different elements come together to form a cohesive social understanding.

Collective behavior

Actions and interactions of individuals in groups that can lead to social movements, riots, or dynamics outside traditional norms.

Freedom Riders

Activists who rode interstate buses in 1961 to challenge segregated seating.

Emergent Norm Theory

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

Modernization

the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

NGO

nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes

Public

an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

Reform Movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

Religious/Redemptive Movements

movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

Resistance Movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

Resource mobilization Theory

a theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

Revolutionary Movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

Value Added Theory

a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

Structural Functionalism (Durkheim)

Does ____ make society more or less stable

Social Conflict (Marx)

Does ____ make society more or less equal

Symbolic Interaction (Blumer)

What does ____ mean to the people involved

Weberian Bureaucratic (Weber)

Does ____ make society more or less human