Prokaryotic cells
Cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from Year 11 Biology Unit 1, including cells, organelles, transport, energy, and systems.
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Prokaryotic cells
Cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Monera
Kingdom of organisms including bacteria, which are prokaryotic.
Animalia
Kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion.
Plantae
Kingdom of multicellular, autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Fungi
Kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption.
Aerobic cellular respiration
Cellular respiration using oxygen to produce ATP.
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Cellular respiration without oxygen to produce ATP.
Pyloric Sphincter
A ring of muscle that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.
Nucleus
Organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls cell activities.
Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes
Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
Rough and Smooth ER
Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
Chloroplasts
Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Vacuole
Organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.
Cell wall
Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to plant cells and bacteria.
Plasma membrane
Cell membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Diffusion
Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of substances across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.
Osmosis
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Active Transport
Movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Endocytosis
Process by which cells engulf substances from their surroundings by creating vesicles.
Exocytosis
Process by which cells release substances to their surroundings by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Aerobic respiration
Series of biochemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Anaerobic respiration
Series of biochemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP without oxygen.
Levels of Organisation
The levels of organization in multicellular organisms: cells → tissues → organs → systems → organisms.
Xylem
Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem
Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Transpiration
The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves.
Stomata
Pores on the surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss.
Guard cells
Cells that surround stomata and regulate their opening and closing.
System interaction in animals
Uptake, gas exchange and waste removal interaction.
Independent variable
Variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
Dependent variable
Variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.
Controlled variables
Variables that are kept constant during an experiment.
Hypothesis
A testable statement or prediction.