Year 11 Biology - Unit 1 Exam Revision Flashcards

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Prokaryotic cells

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Cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic cells

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Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms from Year 11 Biology Unit 1, including cells, organelles, transport, energy, and systems.

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38 Terms

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic cells

Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Monera

Kingdom of organisms including bacteria, which are prokaryotic.

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Animalia

Kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion.

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Plantae

Kingdom of multicellular, autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

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Fungi

Kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption.

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Aerobic cellular respiration

Cellular respiration using oxygen to produce ATP.

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Anaerobic cellular respiration

Cellular respiration without oxygen to produce ATP.

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Pyloric Sphincter

A ring of muscle that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.

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Nucleus

Organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls cell activities.

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Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.

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Ribosomes

Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

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Rough and Smooth ER

Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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Golgi apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

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Chloroplasts

Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

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Vacuole

Organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.

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Cell wall

Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to plant cells and bacteria.

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Plasma membrane

Cell membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.

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Diffusion

Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of substances across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Active Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Endocytosis

Process by which cells engulf substances from their surroundings by creating vesicles.

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Exocytosis

Process by which cells release substances to their surroundings by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.

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Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Aerobic respiration

Series of biochemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Anaerobic respiration

Series of biochemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP without oxygen.

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Levels of Organisation

The levels of organization in multicellular organisms: cells → tissues → organs → systems → organisms.

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Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Transpiration

The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves.

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Stomata

Pores on the surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss.

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Guard cells

Cells that surround stomata and regulate their opening and closing.

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System interaction in animals

Uptake, gas exchange and waste removal interaction.

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Independent variable

Variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

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Dependent variable

Variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

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Controlled variables

Variables that are kept constant during an experiment.

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Hypothesis

A testable statement or prediction.