Multicultural Chapter 5 Asian/Pacific Americans

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At least _____ distinct ethnic and cultural groups can be included under the Asian/Pacific American designation

special work visas

The need for engineering and scientific expertise and skills in high-tech and Internet companies resulted in many Asian/Pacific nationals immigrating under __________ to the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Asian/Pacific Americans

"anti-Asian"

Many _______ found the passage and enforcement of _________ federal, state, and local laws to be more hostile and discriminatory than racially motivated community incidents

Immigration Act of 1924

The __________ restricted migration from all countries to 2 percent of the countries' national origin population living in the United States in 1890; this went unchanged until 1965

naturalized citizens

it was not until 1952 that most Asian immigrants were eligible to become _________ of the United States and therefore have the right to vote

"fifth preference category"

Amendments to the 1965 McCarran-Walter Act established the

1st wave - expertise in space race

2nd wave - under "fifth preference category"

3rd wave - Vietnam

3 asian waves

The Refugee Act of 1980

established the definition for "refugee"

The Refugee Act of 1980

reduced limits on the numbers of refugees entering the United States

Refugee Resettlement

The Refugee Act of 1980 created the Office of?

The Refugee Act of 1980

What permitted refugees to adjust their statuses after one year to become permanent residents, and after four more years to become U.S. citizens?

1. American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act of 2000

2. The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004

2 changes to immigration policies that contributed to the immigration increase, particularly for immigrants with advanced degrees?

Executive Order 9066

President Roosevelt's ________ resulted in the evacuation and incarceration of 100,000 Japanese Americans in 1942. Interned without due process

22.5 million

6.5%

Asian/Pacific Americans are currently estimated at _________ and represent just over ______ of the U.S. population

growing trends

Knowledge of _______ among these Asian/Pacific American populations is also important for officer recruitment and other human resource considerations

Vietnamese

To the _______ immigrant, it would seem that if you have the money, you can buy your way out of jail!

ethnic or cultural group(s)

For law enforcement officers, it is best to ask individuals which __________ they identify with and what they prefer to be called

helpful feedback

Use of asian slurs or stereotypes

Officers hearing these words used in their own departments (or with peers or citizens) should immediately provide _________ about such terms to those who use them

myths, environmental messages, and stereotypes

It is important to have an understanding about some of the (3) of Asian/Pacific Americans that contribute to the prejudice, discrimination, and bias they encounter

movies and the media

Many Americans do not have much experience with the diversity of Asian/Pacific American groups and learn about these groups only through stereotypes, often perpetuated by ___________ and the ____________

1. Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as "all alike"

2. Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as successful "model minorities" or as a "super minority"

3. Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as possible "foreign" terrorist because of skin color, religious affiliation, or native dress

4. Misunderstanding Asian/Pacific cultural differences and practices and viewing differences as a threat to other Americans

(4) Asian Stereotypes

Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as "all alike"

Asian Stereotypes Example

they are all involved in gangs or are inscrutable (impossible to understand)

intergroup hostilities and hate crimes

Asian/Pacific Americans are all successful (reinforced by the media) has resulted in _________

Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as successful "model minorities" or as a "super minority"

Which stereotype has resulted in violence and crimes against Asian/Pacific persons

Viewing Asian/Pacific Americans as possible "foreign" terrorist because of skin color, religious affiliation, or native dress

Asian Stereotypes Example

of the first suspects detained for questioning was a Sikh who was wearing a turban and was misidentified as an Afghani Taliban member (who also wear turbans, but different kinds

foreigners

From a law enforcement perspective, many hate crimes against Asian/Pacific Americans are related to the stereotyping of the group as ________ and not Americans

favorable contact

Most of the time, inappropriate assumptions and stereotypes are modified by _________ and actual interpersonal relationships with Asian/Pacific American people.

cultural competency training

From a law enforcement perspective, the thrust of community policing, as well as __________, is to provide opportunities to modify stereotypes and learn about ethnic communities

filtering systems

When we lack specific information about any group, it is natural to draw conclusions based on our own stereotypes, assumptions, and ________

threats

Stereotypical and racially biased views of Asian/Pacific Americans as _________ require the ongoing attention of law enforcement agencies.

Asian/Pacific Americans

generally exhibit very strong ties among family members, and it is not unusual for three to four generations of the same family to live under one roof

culture shock

Asian/Pacific Americans experience some degree of ___________ when they enter and reside in the U.S.

urbanization, industrialization, and modernization

Culture shock results not only from differences in values and traditions but also from differences in (____3____) owing to technology that may be different from that in their homeland.

"clannish"

Police officers need to be aware that Asian/Pacific Americans may cope with their culture shock by becoming _______

"clannish" communities

One key to the success of law enforcement officers in working with Asian/Pacific Americans is the knowledge of how best to communicate with families residing in these ______, and which family members to speak to for information, help, and referral.

hierarchical

In most traditional Asian/Pacific American families, relationship and communication patterns tend to be _________, with an elder such as a parent or grandparent as the head of the household.

self-control

__________ and keeping things within the family are key values for Asian/Pacific Americans

elder family member

elder

For example, the officer can explain an arrest situation to an ________, and instead of saying directly to the individual to be arrested that he or she has to leave with the officer, the officer can allow the _______ to suggest to the family member that he or she leave with the officer

mother

most Asian/Pacific American families, the role of the _______ in discipline and decision-making is very important

clear-cut rules

In Asian/Pacific American families there are no _____ as to whether one goes to a male head of the household or to a female head to make a law enforcement inquiry

2 or more

Most Asian/Pacific American families comprise of at least _____ individuals within the same household working outside of the home

Asian/Pacific American

It is not uncommon for older children to care for younger children within a _______ household

intermediaries

In recent immigrant and refugee families, Asian/Pacific American children have a special role in being the ______ between parents and the external community because of the ability of the younger individuals to learn English and American ways of doing things

hierarchy

due to the emphasis on _____ in most Asian families, children will dutifully tell police officers whatever an elder family member says at the time, even if the child knows the information to be false. Thus, it is extremely wise to procure the services of an interpreter when interviewing Asian families.

elder

And in all cases, even when a child is acting as an interpreter, officers should direct communication to _____ family members lest they view the officers' lack of attention to them as an insult.

self-help

One factor that limits data collection attempts is that keeping sensitive issues within the family and using _______ and personal effort strategies are part of Asian/Pacific cultural values and norms

mental health services

Asian victims of IPV [intimate partner violence] are less likely to use _____ than any other racial groups.

four times

The odds of other racial groups seeking mental health services are more than _____ those for Asians.

multilingual outreach

The availability of _____ services is of key importance to the Asian/Pacific American community.

patterns of communication

The sensitivity of law enforcement representatives to cultural influences and _____ will be significant in the effective gathering of initial information and subsequent referral and interventions with Asian/Pacific American families involved in domestic violence and other issues of abuse.

"family"

"group"

Asian/Pacific Americans tend to hold a greater ______ and/or _____ orientation than mainstream Americans

self-reference

the lack of the use of "I" statements and/or _____ should not be evaluated as being evasive

pronouns

Chinese

Another area of some concern to law enforcement is the tendency of certain Asian-language speakers to confuse _____, switching back and forth between "he" and "she" to refer to an individual. Example (various spoken dialects of _____)

"loss of face"

Officers should be aware that for many Asian/Pacific Americans, it is considered rude and involves a _____ (for the officers; not for the speaker) to directly say "no" to an authority figure.

(1) "Yes, I heard what you said (but I may or may not agree with you)"; (2) "Yes, I understand what you said (but I might not do it)"

(3) "Yes, I can see this is important for you (but I do not share your sense of urgency)

(4) "Yes, I agree (and will do what you said)"

Officers must understand the following possibilities when an answer of "yes" is heard from an Asian/Pacific American. It can mean

context

nonverbal aspects

Because both the _____ of the communication and _____ of the message are equally meaningful, it is vital for law enforcement officers to be sure of the "yes" answers received

"try his or her best to attend,"

If an Asian/Pacific American says that he or she will _______ this generally means that he or she will not be there, especially for voluntary events and situations such as community neighborhood safety meetings.

"Do not wait for it to happen."

If an Asian/Pacific national says in response to a question "It is possible," this generally means _____?

rephrase the question

In a communication situation in which the response of "yes" may be ambiguous, it is suggested that law enforcement officers _____ so that the requested outcome in action and understanding is demonstrated in the verbal response.

"high context" (indirect; implicit)

Asian/Pacific Americans tend to be _____ in communication style. This means that officers must provide both interpersonal and situational context for effective communication

maintain eye contact

Many Asian/Pacific Americans find it uncomfortable and inappropriate to ______ with those of higher status, or with authority figures like police officers.

down at the ground

avert their eyes

Many Asian/Pacific Americans look _____ and/or _____ while talking. Police officers should not automatically read this nonverbal behavior as indicating a lack of trust or respect, or as dishonesty

curled index finger

In many asian cultures gesturing with a _________ for a person to come forward is used primarily for servants, children, and/or dogs

sweeping motion

For people in Asian cultures It would be more polite for an officer to call someone over using all fingers together in a _______ rather than use the index finger only

moderate

Asian/Pacific Americans tend to _____ displays of positive and/or negative emotion. Often, in crisis situations, nonverbal displays of emotions are controlled to the point that the affect of the Asian/Pacific American appears "flat."

laugh

it is not uncommon for Asians to ______ when nervous, which is the opposite of what most Americans expect

1. Underreporting of Crimes

2. Community and Law Enforcement Interactions

3. Increasing Asian/Pacific American Police Officers

4. Hate Crimes against Asian/Pacific American

5. Crimes within Asian/Pacific American Communities

Key Issues in Law Enforcement for Asian/Pacific Americans (5)

Underreporting of Crimes

Asian/Pacific Americans, because of their past experiences with certain law enforcement agencies (e.g., anti-Asian immigration laws; health and sanitation code violations in restaurants; perceived unresponsiveness by police) lead to _____?

community-policing

Outreach and ________ efforts will enhance the contact and relationship with Asian/Pacific American communities, helping to correct the underreporting of crimes.

"Citizen Police Academies"

Numerous ______ exemplify how police, community advocates, and citizens join together to collaborate on police services in the Asian community. The programs are intended to open lines of communication with the police and to help individuals and communities understand the complexities of its policies and regulations.

storefront outreach efforts

The Los Angeles Police Department Airport Police Bureau was one of the first units to establish ______ that resulted in improved police-community relationships and better service benefits to the Asian/Pacific American neighborhood in the Korean area of Los Angeles.

storefront outreach efforts

Are now utilized in most urban centers with large Asian/Pacific American communities

community service officers (CSOs)

Another example of an outreach approach is the use of Asian/Pacific American bilingual _____ nonsworn officers with badges and uniforms—who provide police department supportive services to Southeast Asian communities in San Diego, California.

(1) the history of law enforcement relationships with Asian/Pacific American communities

(2) Lack of Interest in law enforcement careers, to some extent due to the perception of a "bamboo ceiling" of limited career advancement possibilities

(3) the image of law enforcement personnel in Asian/Pacific American communities

(4) a lack of knowledge about the different careers and pathways in law enforcement

(5) concern with and fear of background checks, physical requirements, and the application process

(6) a limited number of role models and advocates

A variety of reasons exist for such underrepresentation of Asian/Pacific Americans in Law Enforcement Departments, including:

the use of social media, outreach to K-12 schools, and a presence at community events

Tailored recruitment and hiring efforts for Asian/Pacific American Law Enforcement Officers can take a variety of forms, such as (3 examples)

perceived

Immigrant Americans and those who are _________ to be immigrants are often scapegoated as responsible for the poor state of the economy, a lack of jobs, and the failure of some to get ahead.

"perpetual foreigners"

he persistent stereotype of Asian Americans as _________ has fueled discrimination, hostility, and even violence against Asian American and NHPI [Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander] individuals

1. Fear of retaliation by the criminals, who are often known to the victim

2. the perceived level of responsiveness of officers and agencies

3. lack of familiarity with and trust in police services

4. the perceived level of effectiveness of law enforcement agencies

5. prior stereotypes and images of Law Enforcement as discriminatory (immigration laws) and unresponsive to crimes

The lack of cooperation between Asian/Pacific Americans and Law Enforcement stems from

East Asia

The largest flow of human trafficking to the United States comes from _______

Human Trafficking

The transportation of persons for sexual exploitation, forced labor, or other illegal or criminal activities

underreported crime

Because of its secretive and hidden nature, human trafficking is likely to remain an increasingly __________

human trafficking

Law enforcement officers' involvement with Asian/Pacific American communities on _______ has emerged as one of the major areas of their work

"Trafficking in Persons Protocol"

Worldwide efforts to end this situation are being led by the United Nations with the _______ which entered into force in 2003. As of October 2016, 170 countries had ratified the Protocol

"Model minorities" or "superminorities"

What is a common stereotype when people do not recognize distinctions among and within groups?

Avoiding contact & interaction with those who are different

Other survival mechanisms besides becoming "clannish" include?

"Loss of face" for the officer, not for the speaker

To directly say "no" to an authority figure is rude and involves a?

Laugh

It is not uncommon for Asians to ______ when nervous