Transport in animals

Surface area to volume ratio

Determines whether or not an organism needs a transport system

High surface area to volume ratio= small organisms that can acquire all they need from the environment through simple diffusion

Small surface area to volume ratio= Large organisms with many cells that are far away from the surface making simple diffusion ineffective and causing the need for a complex transport system

Components of the transport system

Pumping device - heart

Transport vessels - blood vessels

Fluid - Blood

The heart chambers

Atria and ventricles

Heart movements

Systole and diastole

The atria expand -systole

The ventricles contract - diastole

Blood vessels

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Characteristics of arteries

Have elastic fibres, have muscular walls that can constrict, Has thick walls

Has a narrow lumen and no valves

Carries oxygenated blood, carries blood from the heart and has blood at a high pressure

Adaptations of arteries

Thick walls

Able to constrict

Elastic fibres

Characteristics of veins

Have thin walls, cannot constrict and surrounded by skeletal muscles

Has a wide lumen, has valves

Carries deoxygenated blood, carries blood to the heart and blood is at a low pressure

Composition of Blood

Hormones, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, nutrients, platelets and waste products

Adaptations of red blood cells

Disc shaped

Lack a nucleus

haemoglobin

What are the uses of blood

Blood contains red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the muscles

Blood transports digested food from the ileum to other body parts

Blood transports hormones from their sites of production to different parts where they perform their functions

Blood transports wastes from organs to different excretory organs for example nitrogenous wastes from the liver to the kidney

Blood helps to maintain balance in temperatures by carrying heat from heat producing organs like muscular tissues to other parts

Blood helps in defense of the body through transport of white bl

Blood types

A

B

AB

O

Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one body to another

What happens when wrong blood groups are transfused

The different blood groups contain different antigens. When the wrong blood groups are mixed, the body detects them as foreign bodies and produces antigens against them. The reaction leads to agglutination and death

immunity

is the bodys ability to resist infection

Types of immunity

Natural active immunity

Natural passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity

Artificial active immunity

Natural active immunity

where the body produces antibodies to fight antigens with no need for drugs

Natural passive immunity

where preformed antibodies from one individual are passed on to another of the same species

Artificial active immunity

through vaccination that causes the body to manufacture antigens

artificial passive immunity

injected with antibodies

Antigens

An antigen is any substance that your body sees as foreign, which then causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. For example, the toxins and cell walls of pathogens would be considered antigens. 

Antibodies

An antibody on the other hand is a protein produced by our white blood cells that binds to specific antigens. This acts as a signal to our immune system to destroy the antigen (or the pathogen it is part of).

Formation of lymph

It is formed and transported around the body as follows:

1. Some tissue fluid doesn't re-enter capillaries from tissue fluid.

2. This fluid instead drains into lymph vessels (lymph capillaries) forming lymph.

3. Lymph is transported through lymph vessels by muscle contractions.

4. Lymph is passed through lymph nodes to filter pathogens.

5. Lymph is eventually returned to the blood.

Components of the lymphatic system

Valves

Vessles

Nodes

Functions of the lymphatic system

transports hormones

filters bacteria

transports fatty acids

Carries excretory substances from the tissues to excretory organs

Cardiovascular diseases

Stroke

High blood pressure

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary Heart Disease

when the coronary artery is blocked, depriving the heart of oxygen

Causes of coronary heart disease

Blood clots

high blood pressure

smoking

diabetes

Symptoms of coronary heart disease

Shortness of breath

Chest pain

Limited movement

High blood pressure

when the force of blood pushing against the walls of vessels is high

Causes of high blood vessels

Narrowing of Blood vessles

Obesity

Stress

excess salt intake

Symptoms Of High blood pressure

Headaches

Blurred vision

Nosebleeds

dizziness

Shortness of breath

Stroke

When blood supply to the brain is reduced

Causes of Stroke

head injuries

high blood pressure

Heart disease

Blood clots

F

A

S

T

Droopy face

Arm movement

Slurred speech

Ways to prevent Cardiovascular diseases

Regular exercise

Good diet

Quit smoking

Quit drinking

Health checkups

Manage diabetes

Manage stress