CP: Module 1.1: Pulmonary Pathophysiology - Part 1: Chronic

Heart disease

Cancer

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

What were the top 3 causes of death in the U.S. in 2013 (CDC)?

• Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

• Airway resistance

What are the forces that affect the work of breathing?

The change in lung volume for a given change in pressure.

What is static lung compliance?

change in volume/change in pressure

What is the formula for compliance?

Increases in COPD and with aging

Decreases in restrictive lung disease

How does compliance change in disease?

Bronchoconstriction,

mucous plugs,

and airway thickening.

What increases airway resistance?

Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases.

What are the two major categories of chronic pulmonary pathologies?

• Emphysema

• Chronic Bronchitis

• Asthma

• Septic Obstructive Diseases (ie, Cystic Fibrosis)

Name some examples of obstructive pulmonary diseases.

• Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

• Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (pediatric)

• Occupational Exposures (asbestosis)

• Mechanical/Extrinsic Disorders

Name some examples of restrictive pulmonary diseases.

Pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer.

What are two other types of chronic pulmonary conditions?

Atelectasis

Acute bronchitis

Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)

• Pleural Disorders

• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Ventilator Induced Diaphragm Dysfunction

What are types of acute pulmonary conditions?

• Pulmonary Hypertension

• Right Heart failure (cor pulmonale)

• Atrial Fibrillation (Especially COPD)

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Especially COPD)

What are common sequela of chronic lung disease that affects the heart?

Atrial fibrillation.

Which arrhythmia is especially associated with COPD?

Most commonly lung cancer; also from conditions causing chronic low blood oxygen.

What causes digital clubbing in pulmonary disease?

a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent progressive airflow limitation and is associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases

Define COPD.

tobacco smoking

Worldwide, the most common risk factor for COPD is what?

A disorder characterized by reversible bronchospasm with wheezing, the symptoms occurring in short lived episodes, manifests early in life.

Define asthma.

Damage to structures distal to terminal bronchiole (acinar airways/acinus), loss of alveolar walls.

Define Emphysema.

cough and sputum production, especially during the winter, not due to specific or localized disease, present on most days for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years

Define Chronic Bronchitis.