Exam 4 Pearson

chapters 24, 25, & 26

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with one of its functions in the body?

lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes

vitamins: act as coenzymes

proteins: structural materials of the body

carbohydrates: can serve as hormones

carbohydrates: can serve as hormones

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?

minerals

vitamins

ATP

carbohydrates

ATP

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

derived from meat and fish only

meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

derived only from legumes and other plant material

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

triglycerides

phospholipids

fatty acids

cholesterol

triglycerides

Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates?

vegetable oil

grain

chicken breast

fruit

grain

Which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?

vitamins

carbohydrates

minerals

oxygen

carbohydrates

Cellular Respiration; just know

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin A

vitamin K

vitamin D

vitamin B

vitamin B

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.

Anabolism

Carboxylation

Catabolism

Metabolism

Anabolism

Redox reactions __________.

are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron

do not occur under physiological conditions

rarely involve enzymes

are characterized by the exchange of water molecules

are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats

the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

oxidation reactions

substrate-level phosphorylation

lactic acid production

oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

What is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?

to produce proteins

to metabolize nutrients

to regenerate ATP

to oxidize glucose

to regenerate ATP

   Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched with a description?    

gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones

glycolysis: splitting of glucose molecule

citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway

gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

mitochondria; anaerobic

mitochondria; aerobic

cytosol; aerobic

cytosol; anaerobic

mitochondria; aerobic

Give word of given definition:

• Glucose serves as the initial reactant

Glycolysis

The Citric Acid Cycle involves the removal of ____ electrons and CO₂ from the substrate molecule

hydrogen

__ occurs in the cytosol of a cell

Glycolysis

What produces the most ATP?

Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain produces the most ATP; It also involves the use of O₂/CO₂ to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.

O₂

__ is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

Glycogenolysis

__ is the formation of glucose from protein or fats

Gluconeogenesis

__ is the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

Glycogenesis

__ is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

glycogen is formed

glycogen is broken down to release glucose

glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

formation of sugar

conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water

conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

protein anabolism

glycogenolysis

lipogenesis

triglyceride anabolism

glycogenolysis

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

lipolysis

lipogenesis

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

lipolysis

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________.

ketone bodies

urea

ammonia

acetyl CoA

urea

__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state.

Insulin

Cortisol

Parathyroid hormone

Glucagon

Glucagon

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

epinephrine

growth hormone

insulin

thyroid hormone

insulin

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?

enhanced thyroxine release

vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

shivering

sweating

sweating

renal pelvis

renal column

renal pyramid

renal cortex

renal pyramid

An efferent arteriole supplies blood to a glomerulus.

True

False

False

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

cushions the kidneys against blows

produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidneys

ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys

cushions the kidneys against blows

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

changes in pressure in the tubule

antidiuretic hormone

aldosterone

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.

1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

True

False

True

proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop

renal tubule and collecting duct

glomerulus and renal tubule

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

renal pelvis

renal cortex

renal columns

renal medulla

renal cortex

Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta.

The efferent arteriole of the cortical nephrons supplies the peritubular capillaries.

Cortical nephrons have a short nephron loop.

Cortical nephrons form the majority of nephrons in the kidney.

Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta.

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

vasa recta

glomerulus

macula densa cells

granular cells

extraglomerular mesangial cells

glomerular mesangial cells

granular cells

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help actively excrete toxins.

They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.

Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

glomerular capsule

capsular space

nephron loop

nephron

nephron

Which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation

reabsorption of Na+ and other ions

concentrating urine

a system that protects the nephron from some chemicals found in blood

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

micturition

tubular reabsorption

micturition

colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc)

hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs)

colloid osmotic pressure in the capsular space

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.

Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes.

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.

Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure.

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

has a basement membrane

is impermeable to most substances

is drained by an efferent arteriole

has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

is drained by an efferent arteriole

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

True

False

False

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea

blood cells and large particles

ions, such as sodium and potassium

water and small solutes

blood cells and large particles

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

gravity

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

colloid osmotic pressure of blood

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

creatinine

protein

chloride

glucose

protein

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

net filtration would increase

net filtration would not be altered

net filtration would decrease

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

35 mm Hg

60 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

50 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

the volume of urine leaving the kidneys per minute

the volume of filtrate created at the glomerulus per liter of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries

the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?

blood osmotic pressure (OPg)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

capsular osmotic pressure (OPc)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

myogenic mechanism and sympathetic nervous system control

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

sympathetic nervous system control and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

renin-angiotensin mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback

myogenic mechanism

sympathetic nervous system control

tubuloglomerular feedback

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

glomeruli

systemic arterioles

efferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR

excessive NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR

excessive NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

Afferent arteriole diameter would stay about the same.

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

Afferent arteriole diameter would increase.

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

sympathetic nervous system controls

myogenic mechanism

renin-angiotensin mechanism

renin-angiotensin mechanism

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

aldosterone

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

aldosterone

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

proximal convoluted tubule

CH 25 # 24