Colonization and the Columbian Exchange (1607-1700)

What company founded Jamestown in 1607 and what type of company was it?

The Virginia Company, a joint‑stock company with royal approval.

Who led Jamestown with the motto 'Work or You Don’t Eat' and helped save the colony?

John Smith.

Which Native American group did Jamestown primarily encounter and clash with?

Powhatan (Virginia Algonquians).

What period in Jamestown’s early history is known as the Starving Time?

The Starving Time (circa 1609–1610).

What cash crop sustained Jamestown’s economy?

Tobacco.

What was the first representative form of government in the English colonies?

The House of Burgesses (1619).

What system granted 50 acres of land to each new colonist?

The Headright system.

What labor arrangements were used in early Jamestown, and when were enslaved Africans first imported?

Indentured servitude; first enslaved Africans imported in 1617.

What social event in 1676 led to a decrease in indentured servants and an increase in slavery?

Bacon’s Rebellion.

What do the initials 3 G’s stand for in the context of English colonization motivations?

God, Glory, and Gold.

Which marriage helped establish temporary peace between Jamestown settlers and Native Americans?

John Rolfe married Pocahontas.

Why did Virginia become a royal colony?

To place it under the Crown so the King could provide protection (King’s Army).

What major religious shift started by a king affected England’s church, and who were the Puritans?

Henry VIII began the Anglican Church; Puritans were Calvinists who wanted to purify the Church of England.

Who were Separatists (Pilgrims) and where did they settle in 1620?

Puritans who left to practice their own religion; Plymouth, Massachusetts.

What is the Mayflower Compact?

A blueprint for direct democracy in the Plymouth Colony.

Which colony did Puritans establish in 1630 and who led it?

Massachusetts Bay Colony; led by John Winthrop.

What famous phrase did John Winthrop use to describe Massachusetts Bay Colony?

'City upon a Hill'.

How did Puritans generally interact with Native Americans in Massachusetts Bay?

There was little intermarriage or conversion efforts; limited contact and a strict social order.

Who founded Providence, Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts?

Roger Williams.

Which Puritan diss