1. oral infections

oral infections are commonly caused by

bacteria

viruses

fungi

and can affect the

teeth

gums

tongue

palate

inner cheeks

1. dental caries AKA tooth decay

caused by demineralisation of tooth enamel due to acids produced by bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) in the presence of sugar

the bacteria metabolizes sugars producing acid

that dissolves tooth enamel → decay

2. periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis)

infection and inflammation of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth caused by plaque build up

bacterial plaque accumulation leads to gum inflammation gingivitis and if untreated can progress to periodontitis

a serious infection of the gums that can lead to tooth loss

3. oral candidiasis (thrush)

a fungal infection caused by candida species commonly candida albicans

overgrowth of candida in the oral cavity can lead to thrush for people who

immunocompromised

using broad spectrum antibiotics

inhale corticosteroids

4. herpese simplex virus (HSV) infection

causes cold sores or fever blisters on the lips/ side of mouth

reactivation of latent HSV in nerve cells

leads to viral replication and appearance of painful vesicles in the oral mucosa