SPACESHIPS FLYYYYYY (SPACESHIPS FLY) -beyonce

I am flesh and flesh is I

Atom

Basic particle for everything. Consists of a positively charged center, aka the nucleus surrounded by negative charges.

elements

substance that cannot be broken down into any toher substance by chemical or physical means.

physical change

alter form/appearance but substance is still the same
ex: phase change, shape change)

chemical change

the substance changes to a new one by breaking down into two or more other substances, or combining Atoms rearrange to form new substances
ex: oxidation. combustion

Law of conservation of mass

matter is not created or destroyed

solution

mixture of a liquid and dissolved solid

solute

solid

solvent

liquid

reactants

substances that undergo chemical change

products

New substances that form

What does every chemical and physical change include?

a change in energy

What are two types of changes in energy?

exothermic and endothermic

endothermic change

change where energy is absorbed because there is more energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants. Often the area around becomes cooler due to this.
Ex: baking soda (Reactant) and vinegar

exothermic change

change where energy is released as there is excess energy after breaking the bonds of the reactants. The energy is often released as heat.

chemical energy

energy the is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

Periodic table is organized by

groups and periods

valence electrons

electrons with the highest energy. Atoms are more stable with 8 valence electrons. In the outermost orbital

Chemical Bond

force of attraction that hold atoms together as result of rearrangement of electrons between them.

Groups

vertical columns same # of valence

Periods

horizontal rows same # of orbitals

atomic number

the # of protons (usually equal to the # of electrons )

atomic mass

# of protons + # of neutrons

Neutrons and Protons are where?

are in the Nucleus

Electrons are where?

are in orbitals

Isotopes

atoms of the same element with different # of neutrons. Protons don't change. Change in neutrons can be found in atomic mass.

Ions

Have unequal # of electrons and protons. Protons don't change so number of electrons can be find from the charge.

cations

positively charged

anions

negatively charged.

Orbital limits

2, 8, 18, 32

Bohr Model Diagram

Shows it all with a circle nucleus with the protons and neutrons. The orbitals are then drawn with electrons.

Lewis Dot Structure

only the VE

Molecules

a neutral group of two or more atoms bound together by chemical bonds.

Compound

Substance made of 2 or more atoms combined in a set ratio.

Chemical Formula

Ratio to make a compound, represents compound.
Ex: Carbon Dioxide which is CO2
H20 water
KCl Potassium Chloride or salt

Mixture

made of two substances that are together but not chemically bonded. Is either Homogenous or Heterogenous

Heterogenous mixture

Easily separated, often can see different parts (salad, Italian dressing)

Homogenous mixture

evenly mixed, cannot see different parts, difficult to (ex sugar and water)

Types of Bonds

Metallic, Ionic, Covalent

Metallic bonds

metal atoms lose electrons easily, so bonds form between positive metal ions & the electrons surrounding
Ex: aluminum foil

Ionic bonds

Attraction between opposite charged ions causes and ionic compound. usually form between metal and non-metal

Covalent Bonds

bonds usually form between nonmetal bonds. when atoms share electrons.

Polar

unequal sharing of electrons

Nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

pH scale

range of 0-14 indicates concentration of H+ ions

Bases

have hydroxide ion OH-. Bases are the highest numbers in the pH scale

acid

have hydrogen ions H+, hydrogen atoms that lost its electron. Acids are the lowest on the scale.