Evolution

Did earth’s early atmosphere contain oxygen?

No

List the order in how life originated:

1) Prokaryotes (anaerobic bacteria)

2) Eukaryotes

3) Photosynthetic prokaryotes

4) Multicellular organisms

What was the first organism on earth thought to be and what did they produce that changed the atmosphere?

Anaerobic bacteria, they produced oxygen

What idea did Charles Darwin come up with?

Natural selection (survival of the fittest)

What aids in an organisms survival and can be structural or behavioral?

Adaptation

What happens to an organisms DNA that causes genetic variation in a population?

Independent assortment, random fertilization, and crossing over of chromosomes.

How do limited resources aid in natural selection?

Only the most fit with be able to fight for the resources and survive.

What is the difference between mimicry and camouflage?

Mimicry: mimicking/copying another organisms behavior, looks, etc.

Camouflage: blending in to your environment

Similar in structure but may serve different functions are what type of structures?

Homologous structures

Lighting created simple organic compounds that collected water to pool called:

Primordial Soup

Emdosymbiotic Theory:

Smaller prokaryotes moved inside a cell that became a eukaryotic

The scientist that came up with the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Came up with the idea of natural selection:

Charles Darwin

*****What were the four main ideas Charles came up with that describe natural selection?

1) Individual differ and these differences can be inherited

2) Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, so they have to compete for resources and only the most fit will survive and reproduce

3) The most fit organisms will pass on their traits to their offspring

4) Species alive today are dead with change from their ancestors

Adaptation:

An inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

Mimicry:

Organism imitates another organism

Camouflage:

Allows an organism to blend into it’s enviornment

Courtship Behaviors:

Rituals used to attract a mate

ex: birds singing mating songs

Innate Behvior:

Instinct (isn’t learned)

Suckling: what is it and is it innate?

Innate behavior of young mammals to nurse their mothers for food

Taxis: what is it and is it innate?

Movement towards or away from something

Innate

Hibernation: what is it and is it innate?

Sleeping during cold weathers to save energy

Innate

Estivation: what is it and is it innate?

Sleeping during hot or dry period to survive extremly hot weather

Innate

Migration: what is it and is it innate?

Seasonal movement to improve survival or reproduction

Innate

Habituation: what is it and is it innate?

Ignoring a repeated, harmless thing

Learned behavior

Imprinting: what is it and is it innate?

An animal creates a strong connection with another animal

Learned

Classical Conditioning: what is it and is it innate?

Associating a sound or something with another thing (a dog associates the sound of a bell with food)

Learned

Do populations or individual evolve?

Populations evolve, individual DO NOT

What is some evidence of evolution and describe them:

Fossils

Relative Dating: Rocks on the bottom will be older

Absolute Dating: Uses radioactive isotopes to provide data about the age of fossils

Vestigial Organs: A feature inherited from an ancestor that no longer serves a purpose

Embryological Development:

Comparing organisms in the early stages of development that show similarities that suggest a common ancestor.

Speciation:

One species splits into two different species.

Geographic isolation:

When a physical barrier prevents breeding

Reproductive Isolation:

Differences in an organisms behavior that prevent them from breeding

Coevolution:

Two species evolve in response to eachother

Diagrams that show evolutionary relationships between organisms:

Phylogenetic Trees

Taxonomy:

Classifying organisms and giving them a scientific name

Name the taxonomic groups in order:

Domain Diverse

Kingdom l

Phylum l

Class l

Order l

Family l

Genus l

Species Less Diverse

Roots:

Absorbs water and nutrients

Leaves:

Takes in sunlight and CO2

Vascular Tissue: what is it and name the two types and describe them.

Vascular tissue transports nutrients and water between the roots and leaves.

Xylem: transports water and nutrients UP from the roots.

Phlem: transports sugars DOWN from the leaves.

Describe non-vascular:

• Most simple

• No vascular tissue, stems, roots, or leaves

• Reproduces through spores

• Water transported by osmosis

• Example: moss

Describe seedless vascular:

• Has vascular tissues to transport water

• Has roots, leaves, and stems

• Uses spores to reproduce

• Example: fern

Describe seeded vascular:

• Reproduction in flowers or cones

• Gymnosperms are cones and needles

• Angiosperms are flowers and fruits

• Produces seeds as a result of pollination and fertilization

How is pollen transported?

Through wind, insects, birds, and mammels

Transpiration:

Plants loose water through their leaves

Stomata:

Pore-like openings on a leaf that allows CO2 in and O2 out. Also regulates transpiration.

What are the differences between non-vascular and vascular plants?

Nonvascular: no stems, leaves, or roots, no vascular tissue, simplest, reproduces through spores

Vascular: Has vascular tissue, stems, leaves, and roots, reproduces through flowers

What is the purpose of the roots and leaves in plants?

Roots carry nutrients up to the leaves.

Leaves take in CO2 and sunlight and release O2.

What are xylem and phloem?

Xylem: transports material UP from the roots

Phloem: transports SUGARS DOWN from the leaves

Both are a type of vascular tissue

Which type of plant has the evolutionary advantage for survival/reproduction?

Angiosperms have flowers that attract pollinators to protect their seeds.